This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the mechanical properties of plant roots and the soil reinforcement characteristics of the dominant species in the dominant riparian plants under various flooding durations. The objective was to comprehensively evaluate the optimal flooding duration for each plant under various flooding durations. This research was conducted to provide a scientific basis for plant restoration efforts. The primary focus of the study was on common species found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including Carex, Cynodon, and Eleusine. These species were cultivated in a local field setting and subsequently subjected to flooding tests of varying durations. The diameter of the root system gradually increases with prolonged flooding duration, while other root morphologies exhibit a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The flooding environment significantly influences the relationship between root diameter and the mechanical properties of the roots. This condition adversely affects Carex, whereas it has a beneficial impact on Cynodon and Eleusine. During the early stages of flooding, the shear strength of the plant root-soil complex increases; Carex is optimally applied in the restoration and protection of areas subjected to three to four months of flooding, with its ornamental value being particularly pronounced. Cynodon performs best in areas with up to six months of flooding, Eleusine is especially effective in regions with less than two months of flooding.

Centrifuge-based physical modeling is widely adopted for understanding the performance of geostructures, like reinforced slopes, clay liners of municipal solid waste landfills, geogrid-reinforced soil walls, earthen dams, soil nailed slopes, etc. This study aims to highlight the benefits of centrifuge-based physical modeling in order to comprehend the performance of different geostructures both prior to and during failure. Firstly, a discussion is made on scaling considerations along with modeling aspects of various types of phenomena like rainfall, flooding, etc. Further, details of four types of balanced/beam centrifuge equipment used for understanding the behavior of various types of geostructures at high gravity conditions, along with errors due to radial acceleration field, are also presented. In the process, innovative development of cost-effective actuators for simulating: (1) continuous differential settlements of landfill lining systems, (2) seepage of water through a slope, (3) seepage-induced flooding, (4) dynamic compaction, (5) rainfall-induced seepage, and (6) pseudo-static seismic loading along with flooding-induced seepage has been done. Different types of instrumentation units like potentiometers (P), linearly variable differential transformers, pore-water pressure transducers, load cells, accelerometers, strain gauges, etc., along with wireless data acquisition systems were used for monitoring the performance of the models during centrifuge tests. Additionally, the use of particle image velocimetry, digital image analysis, and the digital-cross correlation technique to evaluate the performance of several models evaluated at high gravity is covered. Lastly, it has been sufficiently shown that using digital image analysis/digital image correlation approaches in conjunction with centrifuge-based physical modeling analysis is a useful study tool. Insights gained in understanding the behavior of geostructures in a geotechnical centrifuge, especially subjected to climatic events like rainfall, flooding, and earthquakes, are highly significant and help in designing and constructing geostructures with confidence to engineers.

A survey and assessment of the technical condition of basement and semi-basement structures in public buildings aged 60 to 130 years were conducted to evaluate their suitability for use as basic shelters. Based on the survey results, the most adverse impacts were identified, including changes in groundwater levels, improper building operation, and the characteristic damages to underground structural elements. Structural solutions were proposed to eliminate the consequences of these damages. The reviewed cases indicate that the vertical and horizontal waterproofing systems used during construction cannot perform their function throughout the building's entire life cycle. When designing new buildings, waterproof materials should be used for the enclosing structures of underground premises. While this may have a higher initial cost than membrane or coating waterproofing, considering life-cycle costs, it can provide a positive economic effect and improve the quality and comfort of the indoor environment.

Bridge piers embedded in a riverain region are commonly supported by pile foundations. This provides a flexible restraint to the bridge pier instead of a theoretical rigid foundation type. In this work, a cylindrical bridge pier with a monopile foundation is introduced as an example. A modeling framework is proposed to investigate the dynamic response of bridge piers to the impact of flash flooding. The fluid-structure interaction is directly investigated via a two-way fluid-structure coupling approach and the p-y springs distributed over the interface between the soil and pile are adopted to model the lateral restraints from the soil. The effect of the soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the structural dynamic response is investigated on the basis of 3D numerical models with and without a pile foundation. Moreover, the soil around the pile foundation is vulnerable to erosion by flood flow. This continuous exposure of the pile foundation reduces the lateral load bearing capacity and consequently increases the dynamic responses of bridge structures to flash flooding. To demonstrate the effects of increased exposure of bridge pile foundations on structural dynamic responses, several different scour depths with scour ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5 are included in the numerical analysis. Two different considerations of the pile bottom are included in this study: completely fixed and only vertically fixed. The behavior of bridge piers subjected to flash flooding is thoroughly analyzed, and the damage mechanisms for these two foundation types are investigated. The relationships between peak responses and fundamental periods are determined via regression analysis.

Introduction Floods are classified as one of the hydrological hazards affecting many countries worldwide. With most weather-related disasters occurring in developing countries, demographics and socioeconomic pattern changes have contributed to many losses relating to water-related disasters such as floods. South Africa is among the developing countries most frequently affected by natural disasters, particularly floods. Thus, this study assessed the causes and impact of floods on the communities of Bronville and Hani-park in Welkom in the Free State Province in South Africa.Methods The study adopted a quantitative approach, using a structured questionnaire to collect the data. The study used an R statistical package to analyze the data and applied descriptive statistics and a series of Generalized linear models to examine the impacts of floods in the community.Results The findings reveal a community-wide concern about flooding impacts. There was a statistically significant difference between whether floods affected your physical structure as an outcome variable and how the flooding affected participants (Wald chi 62 = 30.364; p = 0.001). Also, a significant difference was found regarding how floods affect the water quality in your community (Wald chi 2 = 1.496; p = 0.030). The subjective perception of flood impacts on households has been reported to be aligned with observed damage to physical structures, underscoring the direct influence of floods on various household elements. The study also emphasises the costly nature of flood recovery and the potential strain on household resources due to flooding. Respondents indicated floods adversely affect vegetation, soil stability, and ecological dynamics. he study also, reveals that while some residents affected by flooding reach out to their municipalities for support, many do not seek or receive financial assistance.Discussion The study concludes that floods have a considerable socioeconomic impact on households and communities, particularly regarding repair costs for flood-related damages. In addition, the study concludes that floods have significant implications for drinking water quality in the community, with statistical evidence supporting the claim that floods contribute to water quality degradation. The findings of flood preparedness suggest a clear gap in early warning dissemination and evacuation planning tailored to the study community's needs. The findings of this study underscore the urgent need for comprehensive and sustainable flood mitigation strategies in vulnerable communities like Bronville and Hani-park.

Relevance. The surfaced of a gas pipeline, ballasted with weights, in a swamp qualifies as > and must be decommissioned. Aim. To establish the effect of the weight of weighting agents on a gas pipeline ascent in a swamp. The weight depends on the concentration of moles soluble in water, changes in the values of the physico-mechanical characteristics of the soil due to its watering, and the parameters of the gas pipeline operation. Objects. Sections of a gas pipeline, ballasted with weights, in a swamp in a watered area. Methods. Modeling the stress-strain state of a gas pipeline, ballasted with weighting agents, in a swamp by a one-dimensional rod system consisting of rods and their coupling nodes; integration by the Godunov orthogonal run method of a normal system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing the stress-strain state of the rods and compiling a solution of systems of algebraic equilibrium equations in the coupling nodes, taking into account the impact of weighting agents on stress-strain state. Results. The paper introduces the brief information on the surfacing of gas pipelines with weights installed on them. The authors have set and solved the problem of the stress-strain state of the of the gas pipeline consisting of the middle underwater part, ballasted with reinforced concrete weights, and the extreme flooded underground parts. The analysis of the stress-strain state of the gas pipeline established the following main reasons for its ascent: uneven unequal sedimentation of the base soil on the extreme parts, in which the pipe remains in a trench filled with soil; reducing the weight of weighting agents in water due to an increase in the specific gravity of water due to the growth of concentration of moles dissolved in water. The authors found the critical values of the operating parameters, at which the bulging of the pipe with an upward deflection arrow begins, preceding the ascent of the gas pipeline.

The intensifying effects of climate change have led to increased flooding, even in desert regions, resulting in significant socio-economic and ecological impacts. This study analyzes the causes and consequences of flooding in the Zhem River basin using data from ground stations, including Kazhydromet, and satellite platforms such as USGS FEWS NET and Copernicus. Spatial analyses conducted in ArcGIS utilized classified raster data to map the dynamics of flooding, snow cover, vegetation, and soil conditions. This enabled a geoecological analysis of flood damage on the vital components of the local landscape. Results show that flooding in the Zhem River basin was driven by heavy winter precipitation, rapid snowmelt, and a sharp rise in spring temperatures. The flood damaged Kulsary city and also harmed the region's soil, vegetation, and wildlife. In July 2024, the flooded sail area tripled compared to the same period in 2023. Additionally, the area of barren land or temporary water bodies (pools) formed three months after the water receded also tripled, increasing from 84.9 km2 to 275.7 km2. This study highlights the critical need for continued research on the long-term environmental effects of flooding and the development of adaptive management strategies for sustainable regional development.

German coastal areas are often protected from flood events by a primary sea dike line of more than 1,200 km. Many transition areas, such as the change of surface covering materials and other dike elements such as stairs, fences, or ramps at intermittent locations, characterize the stretch of this sea dike line. During storm surges and wave overtopping, the onset of damage, especially dike cover erosion, is often initiated at these transitions due to locally disturbed flow characteristics, increased loads, and reduced strength at the interface. An in-depth understanding of damage initiation and building stock conditions along coastlines as a foundational element of a flood cycle is essential in order to accurately assess existing defense structures, both deterministically and probabilistically. Thus, the present study is motivated to examine the variety of transition areas on the sea dikes along the German coasts, for further assessment of probability of their damage and failure. A novel remote inventory was elaborated manually, based on satellite images for a length of 998 km along the German North Sea and 123 km along the German Baltic Sea coast and estuaries, and it shows the spatial distribution and frequency of such transitions on sea dikes. During additional on-site investigations at different locations at the coast, detailed information about design variants of dike elements as well as damage to transitions were recorded and reported systematically. The results of the on-site investigations allow the development of a damage catalog in relation to transitions and the validation and verification of the remote inventory. By categorizing and spatially analyzing a large number of transitions (n approximate to 18,300) and damages along the coast, particularly vulnerable transitions and hot spots of loading can be further investigated regarding the flow-structure-soil interaction. Through this, structural layouts and material combinations can be optimized for the design of sea dikes.

Intense summer rainstorms can result in short-term urban flooding, leading to localized groundwater level rise and subsequent floor cracking and leakage in basements. Rational control of the surrounding water level is crucial for addressing existing basement leaks caused by short-term urban flooding. In this study, a combined approach of interception and seepage control using waterproof curtains and negative-pressure wells is proposed. Four different scenarios were considered, and experimental and numerical investigations were conducted on a 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 1.1 m model. The study analyzed the influence of factors such as water content, pore water pressure, soil properties, waterproof curtain insertion depth, and length of the filter in the negativepressure well on controlling the upward water level in the basement. The results showed that the installation of waterproof curtains alone can impede rainwater infiltration into the basement, delaying its penetration by approximately 48 h. The combined approach of interception and seepage control outperformed the sole use of waterproof curtains, with the reduction in water level becoming smaller as the insertion depth of the waterproof curtain increased. The reduction in water level decreased at a slower rate with increasing waterproof curtain insertion depth. The recommended waterproof curtain insertion ratio was equal to or greater than 83.5 %, while the filter length ratio in the negative pressure well should be less than 64 %. Compared to natural seepage drainage, negative-pressure pumping could maintain the basement floor's water content within the initial range 32 h earlier. The water-blocking and depressurization effect is best in sandy soil and worst in clay. Water-blocking and depressurization provide a new approach for controlling the uplift caused by summer urban waterlogging, especially offering a new method for controlling leaks in the basement.

Urban grasslands span climates and topography in soils with variable water infiltration and drainage rates that result in occasional waterlogging stress, while data on grass species tolerance to waterlogging stress is scant. Whole plant responses to waterlogging stress among cool-season grass species were quantified in a controlled environment. The following grasses were grown in well-drained vs. waterlogged soil for 55 d: strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. rubra), slender creeping red fescue (F. rubra ssp. littoralis), Chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. commutata), hard fescue (F. brevipila), tall fescue (F. arundinacea syn. Schedonorus arundinaceus), Kentucky bluegrasses (Poa pratensis), annual bluegrass (P. annua), rough bluegrass (P. trivialis), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans). Five cultivars of each fine fescue (Festuca spp.) taxon were included for comparison. When grown in waterlogged soil compared to well-drained conditions, relative differences generally ranged from -3% to -26% (shoots) and -13% to -33% (roots) for creeping bentgrass, tall fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass indicating higher waterlogging stress tolerance. The relative differences ranged from -18% to -43% in shoots and -3% to -34% in roots for annual bluegrass and perennial ryegrass indicating fair performance under waterlogging stress. Fine fescues, rough bluegrass, and alkaligrass exhibited the poorest performance during waterlogging stress with plant responses ranging from -12% to -64% (shoots) and -17% to -73% (roots). Negative whole plant responses among cultivars of four fine fescue taxa were similar. The selection of grasses tolerant to waterlogging stress will be important in developing resilient landscapes.