Vertical patterns and determinants of soil nutrients are critical to understand nutrient cycling in high-altitude ecosystems; however, they remain poorly understood in the alpine grassland due to lack of systematic field observations. In this study, we examined vertical distributions of soil nutrients and their influencing factors within the upper 1 m of soil, using data of 68 soil profiles surveyed in the alpine grassland of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks decreased with depth in both alpine meadow (AM) and alpine steppe (AS), but remain constant along the soil profile in alpine swamp meadow (ASM). Total phosphorus, Ca2+, and Mg2+ stocks slightly increased with depth in ASM. K+ stock decreased with depth, while Na+ stock increased slightly with depth among different vegetation types; however, SO42- and Cl- stocks remained relatively uniform throughout different depth intervals in the alpine grassland. Except for SOC and TN, soil nutrient stocks in the top 20 cm soils were significantly lower in ASM compared to those in AM and AS. Correlation analyses showed that SOC and TN stocks in the alpine grassland positively correlated with vegetation coverage, soil moisture, clay content, and silt content, while they negatively related to sand content and soil pH. However, base cation stocks revealed contrary relationships with those environmental variables compared to SOC and TN stocks. These correlations varied between vegetation types. In addition, no significant relationship was detected between topographic factors and soil nutrients. Our findings suggest that plant cycling and soil moisture primarily control vertical distributions of soil nutrients (e.g. K) in the alpine grassland and highlight that vegetation types in high-altitude permafrost regions significantly affect soil nutrients. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rockfall is one of the main geomorphological processes that affects the evolution and stability of rock-walls. At high elevations, rockfall is largely climate-driven, very probably because of the warming of rock-wall permafrost. So with the ongoing global warming that drives the degradation of permafrost, the related hazards for people and infrastructure could continue to increase. The heatwave of summer 2015, which affected Western Europe from the end of June to August, had a serious impact on the stability of high-altitude rock-walls, including those in the Mont Blanc massif. A network of observers allowed us to survey the frequency and intensity of rock-wall morphodynamics in 2015, and to verify its relationship with permafrost. These observations were compared with those of the 2003 summer heatwave, identified and quantified by remote sensing. A comparison between the two years shows a fairly similar rockfall pattern in respect of total volumes and high frequencies (about 160 rockfalls >100 m(3)) but the total volume for 2003 is higher than the 2015 one (about 300,000 m(3) and 170,000 m(3) respectively). In both cases, rockfalls were numerous but with a low magnitude and occurred in permafrost-affected areas. This suggests a sudden and remarkable deepening of the active layer during these two summers, rather than a longer-term warming of the permafrost body. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
本发明公开了一种基于站点的冻土指数确定方法及电子设备，涉及信息处理技术领域，包括：获取目标监测站点的历史监测数据，所述历史监测数据包括：预设时间段内所述目标监测站点采集的每日平均气温和每日平均地温以及土壤属性；将所述每日平均气温、每日平均地温及土壤属性输入到预设的冻土指数模型中，得到所述目标监测站点所对应的多个温度相关的冻土指数及多个深度相关的冻土指数，所述预设的温度模型包括多个用于计算温度相关的冻土指数的函数关系式和多个用于计算深度相关的冻土指数的函数关系式。本发明提供了一种基于站点的冻土指数确定方法，具有准确性高，运算方式简单等优点，为计算冻土指数提供一种便捷手段。
2017-12-29本发明提供了一种纯天然无伤害的洗护液，它采用椰子油、磺酸、月桂酸单甘油酯、二乙醇酰胺、烷基葡萄糖苷、片碱、氯化钠、碳酸钠、植物糖苷液、冰川活化水等原料，以中医理论为依托，主要采用天然制剂作为原料制作而成，对衣物起到很好的清洁作用，同时大大降低了洗护液对人体的伤害；多组分相互配合，能够很好的起到清洁杀菌的效果，经试验验证具有极强的去污效果。
2017-12-29本发明涉及一种人工湿地系统的净水方法，通过构建适用于低温环境的人工湿地系统，并在非冬季运行所述人工湿地系统时，关闭加热机构和曝气机构，通过所述进出水管路机构控制水流依次流经水平潜流湿地单元、垂直流湿地单元逐级进行水质净化，在冬季运行所述人工湿地系统时，将水平潜流湿地单元满水后作为冻土层，打开加热机构和曝气机构，通过进出水管路机构控制水流直接经垂直流湿地单元进行水质净化。本发明的净化方法与采用传统保温措施的人工湿地净化相比，能够显著提高湿地运行温度，具有脱氮除磷效果好、投资运行成本低、不易堵塞等优点，能够在寒冷的冬季依然保证净化效果。
2017-12-29冻胀、融沉灾害是多年冻土区对管道工程产生不良影响的主要因素,对埋地常温输油管道的安全运行造成一定的危害,因此在设计施工中要引起足够重视。通过对冻融形成的原因及冻融灾害对输油管道产生的危害进行分析,结合中俄漠大线和漠大二线两条输油管道经过多年冻土区的实践经验,以及随着管道输油温度的提升,面临高油温、并行敷设新工况对管道带来的影响,提出了行之有效的冻融防治措施。对于冻胀防治采取截流、排导、增加管道埋深以及管沟开挖换填土措施,融沉防治采取增加管道壁厚、保温敷设、热棒、混凝土桩连系梁支撑架空、木屑或生态袋护坡措施,同时对多年冻土区管道融沉情况进行实时监测,以保证输油管道安全稳定运行。
During the past several decades, the Earth system has changed significantly, especially across Northern Eurasia. Changes in the socio-economic conditions of the larger countries in the region have also resulted in a variety of regional environmental changes that can have global consequences. The Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI) has been designed as an essential continuation of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), which was launched in 2004. NEESPI sought to elucidate all aspects of ongoing environmental change, to inform societies and, thus, to better prepare societies for future developments. A key principle of NEFI is that these developments must now be secured through science-based strategies co-designed with regional decision-makers to lead their societies to prosperity in the face of environmental and institutional challenges. NEESPI scientific research, data, and models have created a solid knowledge base to support the NEFI program. This paper presents the NEFI research vision consensus based on that knowledge. It provides the reader with samples of recent accomplishments in regional studies and formulates new NEFI science questions. To address these questions, nine research foci are identified and their selections are briefly justified. These foci include warming of the Arctic; changing frequency, pattern, and intensity of extreme and inclement environmental conditions; retreat of the cryosphere; changes in terrestrial water cycles; changes in the biosphere; pressures on land use; changes in infrastructure; societal actions in response to environmental change; and quantification of Northern Eurasia's role in the global Earth system. Powerful feedbacks between the Earth and human systems in Northern Eurasia (e.g., mega-fires, droughts, depletion of the cryosphere essential for water supply, retreat of sea ice) result from past and current human activities (e.g., large-scale water withdrawals, land use, and governance change) and potentially restrict or provide new opportunities for future human activities. Therefore, we propose that integrated assessment models are needed as the final stage of global change assessment. The overarching goal of this NEFI modeling effort will enable evaluation of economic decisions in response to changing environmental conditions and justification of mitigation and adaptation efforts.
舍尔金井位于俄罗斯东西伯利亚萨哈共和国雅库茨克市中心,总深度为116.5 m,是多年冻土区第一口深度超过100 m的井。井的挖掘从筹划到完工(1837年)历时10年,是俄罗斯商人费多尔·舍尔金(ФедорШергин)为挖井取水而建造的。舍尔金井的温度资料无可辩驳地证明了多年冻土的存在,它不仅是重要的文化和历史遗产,还是多年冻土存在的重要证据及冻土学发展的见证。
本发明涉及一种智能高效调控路基对流换热的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：⑴在填土路堤内铺设通风管，并放置路基土体地温传感器；⑵将轴心杆固定于通风管的一端或两端管壁之上，并将转轴套管套接在轴心杆上；⑶将风门固定于转轴套管上；⑷在轴心杆上同时设置智能逻辑控制器和空气温度传感器；⑸通风管内的底部设置温度传感器；⑹将智能逻辑控制器与风门连接；同时将智能逻辑控制器分别与空气温度传感器、温度传感器、路基土体地温传感器连接；⑺通风管上填土并压实后铺设水平铺设保温材料，按照常规技术要求完成后续的工程施工；⑻对风门进行开启或关闭及开启程度控制。本发明充分利用自然冷能，降温效能显著、作用深度大且路基整体稳定性强。
2017-12-26埋地输油管道的建设和运行势必会破坏多年冻土的稳定性,容易引发冻胀、融沉、崩塌、热融滑坡,从而导致管道弯曲、翘曲等灾害。由于多年冻土对温度具有极敏感性及其破坏的不可逆性,因此,需要对多年冻土区埋地输油管道周围温度场的监测开展研究。以漠大管道为例,选取典型管段,设计了适用于漠大管道周围温度场监测的测温系统。结果表明:管道设置合理的保温措施可有效阻隔输油管道向土壤的放热,减小管道周围土壤的融化范围,缓解管道融沉,为管道冻土灾害综合整治提供决策依据。