Wind and wave actions that vary in amplitude, frequency and direction cause irregular cyclic loading on monopiles supporting offshore wind turbines (OWTs), resulting in cumulative deformation. Current design practice apply widely accepted classification methods to decompose a storm history into an idealised series of cyclic load parcels with uniform amplitude, ordered in magnitude. This approach is based on Miner's rule, which assumes that the final accumulated deformation in the soil is independent of the sequence in which load cycles are applied. Research has shown this approach to be reasonable under drained conditions in sand. This study investigates the validity of this assumption under fully undrained conditions in clay through a series of three dimensional (3D) finite element analyses incorporating an advanced soil constitutive model. A large diameter monopile installed in an overconsolidated clay deposit is subjected to cyclic loading sequences arranged in ascending, descending, and mixed-sorted order. The effect of the load ordering sequence is demonstrated by comparing local soil behaviour in terms of cyclic ratcheting, strain accumulation, clay-structure degradation and excess pore-water pressure buildup and linking these to the global pile response in terms of pile rotation, stiffness, and damping. Findings show that under fully undrained conditions, the ordering of cyclic load sequence notably affects the performance of monopiles in overconsolidated clay deposits. These results suggest that experimental investigations are needed to further explore cyclic loading sequences on monopiles in clay, which could inform the development of improved numerical and design procedures for offshore monopiles.
