The National Forest and Soil Inventory [Infys] and the Health Management Office of the National Forestry Commission [Conafor] began, in 2012, the measurement of the Forest Health Indicator, called tree damage. The database from 2012 to 2016 generated by the Infys was analyzed with the objective of determining the incidence of the main agents of damage in broadleaved and coniferous trees, by tree genus, and federal entity. 8351 plots and 500 446 trees were analyzed. 34 damage agents were identified, highlighting fire damage, 24,8%; wind, 16,3%; unknown agent, 14,1%; Tillandsia spp., 11,4%; defoliating insects, 7,5% and drought, 5,4%. The incidence of damage was higher in Alnus, Quercus and Pinus, with 54,6%, 50,4% and 41,5%, respectively. Our country is considered the largest center of diversity of oaks and pines, so it is urgent to determine the role played by the main damage agents and their impact on the forest resource and ecosystem services they provide. This is the first analysis of the data generated by the Infys for the forest health indicator called 'Tree damage' in temperate and tropical forest of Mexico.

Coarse roots and the root plate play an important role in tree resistance to uprooting. In this study, a qualitative mechanistic model was developed to analyze coniferous tree resistance to uprooting in relation to tree morphological characteristics. The sizes of the crown, stem, and root plate of twenty sample spruces and twenty sample Korean pines were individually measured for this purpose. Using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), the coarse root distribution and root plate size were detected. In the qualitative mechanistic model, a larger crown area increased the overturning moment, while higher DBH and root plate mass increased the resistance moment. The resistance coefficient (Rm) was calculated by comparing resistive and overturning moments, classifying samples into three uprooting hazard levels. Trees with smaller crown areas, larger stems, and root plates tend to have higher resistance to uprooting, as indicated by higher Rm values. This qualitative mechanistic model provides a useful tool for assessing coniferous standing tree uprooting resistance.

Disturbances caused by the European spruce bark beetle (SBB; Ips typographus L.) on Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), have increased immensely across Central and Northern Europe, and are expected to increase further as a result of climate change. While this trend has been noted in Finland, so far limited research has been published. To support proper SBB risk management in Finland, we compared stand properties between salvage loggings due to SBB damage during 2012-2020 (4691 cases) and spruce stands free of SBB damage. Also, we explored the role of landscape attributes as drivers of SBB damage. We considered the forest stand attributes of site fertility class, stand development class, soil type, stand mean diameter at breast height and mean stand age. Considered forest landscape attributes were the distance from SBB-damaged stands to the closest clear-cut, to previous -year SBB-damaged stands and to the previous -year wind -damaged stand. We used nationwide forest logging and forest stock data, and analysed forest stand attributes using Chi -squared and Mann -Whitney U tests and landscape attributes using generalised linear mixed models. Based on our findings, the SBB didn't damage stands randomly, but prevailed in mature stands (high age and high mean diameter at breast height), in herb -rich heath forest site types and in semi -coarse or coarse heath forest soil soils. We found correlation between the landscape variables and the number of salvage loggings, with a higher number of loggings due to SBB damage close to clear -cuts. Our results help to find risk areas of SBB damage.