Research on urban flood risk has highlighted the need for more comprehensive flood risk assessments in low-income and vulnerable communities. This study aims to examine the causes, impacts and existing flood risk management measures in the Somali region of Ethiopia. The study used a mixed research methodology, including a cross-sectional survey, to collect original qualitative and quantitative data.. In addition to flood risk and vulnerability assessment, the study evaluated urban flood risk management measures through soil protection service curve number, production distribution network and supply chain risk management methods.The results suggest that flooding in Dolo-Ado is increasing due to heavy rainfall and flooding, as well as inadequate flood control measures and geographical location. Soil Conservation Service Curve Number analysis shows that the arid landscape of Dolo-ado is predominantly shrub and barren with significant differences in land cover types. The low infiltration capacity, high runoff potential and frequent heavy rainfall are the main factors contributing to the area's high soil vulnerability to flash floodsConsequently, qualitative results also confirm that this has resulted in extensive infrastructure damage, displacement, loss of livelihoods, ecosystem disruption and disruption to community life, as well as water and health problems. In addition, flood risks are more severe for vulnerable urban communities, impacting services, the economy and the environment. Therefore, inadequate preventive measures for effective supply chain management are urgent and crucial for resilience. This study implies that urban planning and policies should be changed and prioritize the integration of production distribution networks and flood risk management in the supply chain to effectively mitigate floods. Climate change-responsive and integrated urban planning, improved drainage systems, early warning, emergency planning and community engagement are critical for flood preparedness, adaptation and resilience and require further research and modeling techniques.

Due to their distinct geotechnical and structural features, soft rock tunnels pose serious issues because of their seismic sensitivity. These tunnels, often constructed in formations with lower shear strength and higher deformability, are particularly susceptible to damage during earthquakes. Fragility curves, which graphically represent the probability that a structure may sustain damage up to or beyond a particular threshold as a function of seismic intensity, are essential tools for evaluating the seismic resilience of these infrastructures. This research looks closely at the use of fragility curves to assess the seismic vulnerability of soft rock tunnels. Exploring the fundamental concepts and methodologies involved in constructing fragility curves, including seismic hazard analysis, structural modeling, damage state definition, data collection and statistical analysis is looked at first. The review highlighted the integration of soft rock characteristics such as strength and deformation properties into the fragility assessment process. Key developments in the topic are covered such as how machine learning and Bayesian inference might improve the precision and usefulness of fragility curves. The paper identified key findings such as the high sensitivity of fragility curves to geotechnical properties and seismic intensity levels and emphasized the importance of accurate data collection and model calibration. Important gaps in seismic risk evaluations are filled by integrating cutting-edge methodologies, such as Bayesian inference and real-time machine learning models that clarify the seismic behaviour of soft rock tunnels in the real world. For the purpose of strengthening earthquake-resistant infrastructure in earthquake-prone areas, engineers, scholars and policymakers are given practical insights.

Global climate change and permafrost degradation have significantly heightened the risk of geological hazards in high-altitude cold regions, resulting in severe casualties and property damage, particularly in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. To mitigate the risk of geological disasters, it is crucial to identify the primary disaster-inducing factors. Therefore, to address this issue more effectively, this study proposes a spatiotemporal-scale approach for detecting disaster-inducing factors and investigates the disaster-inducing factors of geological hazards in high-altitude cold regions, using the Kanchenjunga Basin as a case study. As the world's third-highest peak, Kanchenjunga is highly sensitive to climate fluctuations. This study first integrates the frost heave model and multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar techniques to monitor ascending and descending track line-of-sight deformation of the frozen active layer in the study area. Subsequently, the surface parallel flow constrained model is employed to decompose the 3-D time-series deformation of geological hazards in the basin, with remote sensing imagery and field surveys used to identify a total of 94 disaster sites. In parallel, a database of potential conditioning factors is constructed by leveraging Google Earth Engine remote sensing inversion technology and relevant data provided by the China Geological Survey. Finally, by integrating monitoring results with a database of potential geological conditioning factors, the spatiotemporal-scale approach for detecting disaster-inducing factors proposed in this study is applied to investigate the disaster-inducing factors in the Kanchenjunga Basin. The research results highlight that surface temperature is the primary driving factor of geological hazards in the Kanchenjunga Basin. This research helps bridge the data gap in the region and offers critical support for local government decision-making in disaster prevention, risk assessment, and related areas.

Due to the complex and multi-dimensional nature of droughts, it is not possible to assess droughtinduced damage and its consequences for various social, economic, and environmental aspects of societies by relying only on a univariate index such as precipitation-based drought indices. The present study aimed to develop a practical and scientific framework based on hazard, vulnerability (social, economic, and environmental), and coping capacity to generate a drought risk map for the hot and dry climate regions of Iran. Accordingly, the Drought Hazard Index (DHI), Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI), and Drought Coping Capacity Index (DCCI) were derived from the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), 16 social, economic and environmental variables and three social, economic variables, respectively. The layers of all variables of the three indices in the GIS were provided, and they were combined in the form of an equation to produce a drought hazard map of central and southeastern Iran. The results indicate that the counties most and least vulnerable to drought were located in the southeast and west of the case study area, respectively. A number of large households, long distances from provincial centers, and soil erosion were the most important social, economic, and environmental factors making the southeast of the case study (including south of Sistan and Baluchestan and south of Kerman provinces) most vulnerable to drought. Due to their high drought coping capacity, counties located in the west of the case study (west of Kerman and south of Yazd provinces) were least vulnerable to drought. Extended support for low-income households by charitable organizations, tertiary education, and most importantly, a variety of jobs and career opportunities were the most important factors in reducing vulnerability in this part of Iran. Furthermore, our methodology by taking social, economic, and environmental dimensions into account as risk, vulnerability, and coping capacity indices can be far more efficient than the methods considering only risk and vulnerability factors.

The accurate assessment and effective management of deep excavation risk have faced longstanding challenges due to the highly complicated and uncertain construction process. A digital twin, designed with the datamechanism-fused (DMF) physical and virtual models, is developed to solve problems by integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM), data mining (DM), and physical mechanisms. In the DMF physical model, a mechanical model is embedded into the digital twin to implement real-time interaction and inversion between fieldmeasured and simulated data, thus revealing the evolution law of mechanical properties and creating a multisource DMF database. In the virtual model, the random forest (RF) regression is applied to fully learn the multisource database and accurately predict retaining wall behaviors on behalf of excavation risk. The proposed digital twin facilitates practical applications to imitate physical construction process, predict excavation-induced behavior, and realize closed-loop risk management with a high degree of automation, intelligence, and reliability.

Institutional controls, as an important measure for risk management of contaminated sites, is widely used in site management by the United States, Canada and European countries. At present, some regions in China have also begun to explore the implementation of institutional controls, but its path, safeguard mechanism, and tracking evaluation are still unclear. Based on China's unique contaminated site remediation control system and land management system, this paper proposes a framework for the whole life cycle institutional controls of China's contaminated sites: (1) evaluate the need for institutional controls; (2) establish the objectives of institutional controls; (3) identify the restrictive requirements of institutional controls; (4) establish the implementation form of institutional controls; and (5) regularly review the effectiveness of institutional controls. To demonstrate the applicability of the institutional control framework, a case demonstration study was conducted at a petrochemical contaminated site in China. By analyzing the information on residual pollutants after the implementation of risk management measures at the site, the exposure pathways and hazards in case of re-release, and the engineering facilities, we proposed eight restrictive requirements, including the prohibition of disturbing and damaging the clean and planted soil layers of the site and the protection of long-term monitoring wells. At the same time, we constructed a multi-departmental pathway to implement institutional controls in conjunction with ecological environment, natural resources and housing departments to ensure effective implementation of institutional controls. Eventually, we summarized a set of replicable and generalizable institutional controls application models, which provide valuable theoretical and practical support for China and other local governments in the implementation of institutional controls at contaminated sites.

The contribution presents the results of field research aimed at assessing the effects of the Phlaegrean Bradyseism phenomena on a building system located in the historic centre of Pozzuoli (Italy). The study falls within the scope of building fa & ccedil;ade vulnerability analyses conducted by the authors to support the Public Administration in managing bradyseismic emergencies. Considering that the seismic-deformation phenomena connected to Bradyseism affect the performance and integrity of fa & ccedil;ade components, the research focused on studying its impact on the technical elements within the Technological Unit Classes of Load-bearing Structure, Enclosure, and External Partition, which directly project onto the external environment and collectively constitute the Building Envelope. The methodology for impact assessment was developed by correlating data acquired from a monitoring system installed on the fa & ccedil;ade of a surveyed building with characteristic parameters related to seismic events and soil deformations in a specific reference period. The analyses conducted excluded any significant impact of these seismic-deformation forcings on the building's Load-bearing Structure, both in terms of displacements and damage. On the other hand, significant impacts were found on the technical elements of the building envelope, which, due to their lower resistance and ductility, represent a constant hazard for the exposed urban system's safety, configuring a Building Risk scenario.

Excessive rainfall is considered the major landslide triggering mechanism, especially in tropical climate regions. During rainfall, water infiltrates into the subsurface; reducing the matric suction, increasing pore water pressure, and decreasing the shear strength of the soil. The prevailing unfavourable ground and geomorphological conditions can further exacerbate the vulnerability and severity of catastrophic landslides. Hence, it is vital to identify different landslide mechanisms, key drivers for rainfall-induced landslides, and risk assessment methods for adopting appropriate failure mitigation strategies. This study captures a comprehensive review and in-depth analysis based on 200 articles published in literature including authors own case studies to describe the risk management strategies of rain-induced landslides in tropical countries. First, a clear relationship between the rainfall patterns and the landslide events has been proposed through the comprehensive data sets reviewed. Then key influencing factors for landslides in the tropical region have been identified with in-depth discussion from past reported studies. Moreover, landslide risk assessment and management framework are discussed with the key steps involved. The framework provides a better-structured approach to discuss on identifying, analysing, evaluating, and managing risk associated with landslides. The complex geological conditions, lack of rainfall and impact data, and rapid change in land use make quantitative risk assessment challenging in the tropical region. The review finally recommends effective risk mitigation strategies from the authors' experience on past projects and reported literature case studies. The outcomes from the review are beneficial for engineers and authorities for adopting risk mitigation approaches in tropical regions.

The research is subject to the studies of Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk (PVR) that are developed in Cuba and as a fundamental objective: to evaluate the structural vulnerability to soil subsidence due to the collapse of cavern in the municipality of Sierra de Cubitas, Camag & uuml;ey province. The theoretical foundation and assessment in the study area based on the proposed calculation; the concept of structural vulnerability contributed to soil subsidence due to cavern collapses and new tools for analysis and better confrontation with the danger of natural origin geological. It establishes priorities and incorporates integrative measures for the preventive stage in the future economic plans and plans, the contribution to decision making in the different stages of the construction process. From the results obtained; the plans of the entities and defense zones are updated so as to establish early warning systems in view of the damage that can be caused to the built heritage and the need to know the phenomenon for works to be projected; preservation of the quality of groundwater resources; management for risk reduction at the local level; the training, dissemination and sensitization of the population to raise the perception of risk and serve as a reference for another research. The proposal is assessed based on expert judgment, indicating its relevance in the assessment of structural vulnerability and the prevention or mitigation of natural events.