The conservation of Cultural Heritage in cave environments, especially those hosting cave art, requires comprehensive conservation strategies to mitigate degradation risks derived from climatic influences and human activities. This study, focused on the Polychrome Hall of the Cave of Altamira, highlights the importance of integrating remote sensing methodologies to carry out effective conservation actions. By coupling a georeferenced Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) with a 1.6 GHz central-frequency antenna along with photogrammetry, we conducted non-invasive and high-resolution 3D studies to map preferential moisture pathways from the surface of the ceiling to the first 50 cm internally of the limestone structure. In parallel, we monitored the dynamics of surface water on the Ceiling and its correlation with pigment and other substance migrations. By standardizing our methodology, we aim to increase knowledge about the dynamics of infiltration water, which will enhance our understanding of the deterioration processes affecting cave paintings related to infiltration water. This will enable us to improve conservation strategies, suggesting possible indirect measures to reverse active deterioration processes. Integrating remote sensing techniques with geospatial analysis will aid in the validation and calibration of collected data, allowing for stronger interpretations of subsurface structures and conditions. All of this puts us in a position to contribute to the development of effective conservation methodologies, reduce alteration risks, and promote sustainable development practices, thus emphasizing the importance of remote sensing in safeguarding Cultural Heritage.

The general view of trees is that they threaten heritage structures, their roots disrupt archaeological features, or that they create microclimates conducive to biodeterioration. The conservator's experience in assessing the impact of trees on various cultural assets highlights the positive role they can play in modifying the outdoor environment to reduce stress mechanisms. Trees intercept sunlight and rain, absorb ground water and stabilise soils. This is particularly beneficial at rock art sites where infrastructure must be kept to a minimum to maintain the spiritual and aesthetic ambience. While focussing on studies demonstrating the protective role of trees, it is critical to make balanced assessments that recognise both positive and negative implications; a tree can both shade an object and increase the risk of mechanical damage from roots and falling branches. Objective assessments consider all implications rather than through intellectual and operational bias. Laboratory studies demonstrate hydrothermal stress to be greater than heating or wetting alone, and freeze-thaw that has been traditionally considered one of the most destructive mechanisms disrupting outdoor stone. Interventive approaches for reducing hydrothermal stresses in stone rely upon chemical treatments to repel water, and consolidation to better resist such stresses. A well-designed tree canopy can substantially reduce thermal expansion and almost completely remove rain from the object through interception, funnelling to the trunk and uptake of groundwater. La opini & oacute;n general sobre los & aacute;rboles es que amenazan las estructuras patrimoniales, sus ra & iacute;ces alteran las caracter & iacute;sticas arqueol & oacute;gicas o crean microclimas propicios al biodeterioro. La experiencia del restaurador en la evaluaci & oacute;n del impacto de los & aacute;rboles en diversos bienes culturales pone de relieve el papel positivo que pueden desempe & ntilde;ar en la modificaci & oacute;n del entorno exterior para reducir los mecanismos de estr & eacute;s. Los & aacute;rboles interceptan la luz del sol y la lluvia, absorben el agua subterr & aacute;nea y estabilizan los suelos. Esto es particularmente beneficioso en sitios de arte rupestre donde la infraestructura debe mantenerse al m & iacute;nimo para mantener el ambiente espiritual y est & eacute;tico. Si bien nos centramos en estudios que demuestran el papel protector de los & aacute;rboles, es fundamental realizar evaluaciones equilibradas que reconozcan las implicaciones tanto positivas como negativas; un & aacute;rbol puede dar sombra a un objeto y aumentar el riesgo de da & ntilde;os mec & aacute;nicos por ra & iacute;ces y ramas que caen. Las evaluaciones objetivas consideran todas las implicaciones y no a trav & eacute;s de sesgos intelectuales y operativos. Los estudios de laboratorio demuestran que el estr & eacute;s hidrotermal es mayor que el calentamiento o la humectaci & oacute;n por s & iacute; solos, y que el hielo y el deshielo se han considerado tradicionalmente uno de los mecanismos m & aacute;s destructivos que alteran la piedra al aire libre. Los enfoques interventivos para reducir las tensiones hidrotermales en la piedra se basan en tratamientos qu & iacute;micos para repeler el agua y la consolidaci & oacute;n para resistir mejor dichas tensiones. Una copa de & aacute;rbol bien dise & ntilde;ada puede reducir sustancialmente la expansi & oacute;n t & eacute;rmica y eliminar casi por completo la lluvia del objeto mediante la interceptaci & oacute;n, canalizaci & oacute;n hacia el tronco y absorci & oacute;n de agua subterr & aacute;nea.