Ground settlement resulting from consolidation may lead to tilted buildings, cracks in the pavement, damage to underground utilities, etc. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the consolidation behaviors (including primary consolidation and secondary compression) of the soil of the subgrade. There is a large amount of soft clay deposited in Nanjing, located in the Yangtze River Basin. The consolidation behavior of Nanjing soft clay can significantly affect foundation design and the cost of construction. In this study, experimental measurements of the consolidation behavior of Nanjing soft clay were conducted, and parameters (such as pre-consolidation pressure, secondary consolidation index and secondary consolidation ratio) related to consolidation were assessed. The concept of simulated over-consolidation ratio (OCRs) was proposed, and the close relationship between primary consolidation and secondary compression settlement and the OCRs of Nanjing clay was investigated.

The structural strength of the Loess-Paleosol Sequence (LPS) and the presence of paleosols within the LPS have significant implications for tillage and understanding past climate conditions. This research investigation sought to examine the structural strengths of the Luochuan (LC) LPS via both triaxial shear and oedometer tests, with the microstructure being further characterized through scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that the LPS's structural strength tends to increase as burial depth increases. Additionally, the loess layer's structural strength is typically lower than that of the adjacent paleosol layer. The LPS's microstructure experiences considerable transformations with increased burial depth, particularly regarding changes in particle contact relationship, degree of cementation, and pore volume. This shift is characterized by a transition from an overhead structure to a matrix structure. These findings suggest that the loess layers' structural strength is associated with weaker pedogenic weathering occurring under cold and dry climatic conditions, whereas the paleosol layer exhibits a higher structural strength due to intense weathering during a warm and humid climate. Overall, this study establishes a link between paleoclimate and mechanical properties, using microstructure as a mediating factor, and provides a theoretical basis for tillage on the Loess Plateau.