The protection of medicinal plants has been effective as a key factor in preserving the environment of medicinal plants. As such, this paper aims to map the environment of medicinal plants based on biodiversity and indigenous knowledge, in which its role is constantly seen in environmental studies. The study method was based on field survey in the target areas: Morvarid, Heiderabad, Dehmoord, Fath al-Mubin in Darab city in Fars province. Based on the findings of the study, a total of 89 species belonging to 43 families in the target areas were identified, with the highest frequency belonging to the Mint family. According to the results of studies, Anghozeh, Baneh, Thyme Shirazi, Arjan, Kenar, Jashir (Prangos), Lemon balm, Myrtus, cumins, and Kakuti in need of protective measures. Combining indigenous plant ethnological knowledge with new technologies along with high genetic diversity will be the way to control damage and protect the effective genes of medicinal plants. Ultimately, the elimination of the inheritance of desirable plant genes will lead to the erosive growth and acceleration of the regression of plant cover, which is considered as a rich chain and preserver of soil sanctity and stability of nature in the environment.

Root rot is a general term for soil-borne diseases that cause the necrosis and decay of underground plant parts. It has a wide host range and occurs in various types of plants, including crops, horticultural crops and medicinal plants. Due to the fact that medicinal plants generally have a long growth cycle and are primarily the root and rhizome herbs. This results in root rot causing more serious damage in medicinal plant cultivation than in other plants. Infected medicinal plants have shrivel or yellowed leaves, rotting rhizomes, and even death of the entire plant, resulting in a sharp decline in yield or even total crop failure, but also seriously reduce the commercial specifications and effective ingredient content of medicinal plants. The pathogens of root rot are complex and diverse, and Fusarium fungi have been reported as the most widespread pathogen. With the expansion of medicinal plant cultivation, root rot has occurred frequently in many medicinal plants such as Araliaceae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Solanaceae and other medicinal plants. This article reviews recent research progress on root rot in medicinal plants, covering various aspects such as disease characteristics, occurrence, pathogen species, damage to medicinal plants, disease mechanisms, control measures, and genetic factors. The aim is to provide reference for better control of root rot of medicinal plants.

Soil salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stress factors affecting crop growth and yield. Among the molecules used to mitigate the adverse effects of salt, melatonin (MT) and the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) played a crucial role in mediating plant responses to salt stress. However, the molecules are worthy of further consideration and investigation with regard to the secondary metabolism of plants suffering from salt stress. Herein, the potential role of MT and SNP in alleviating/buffering the negative effects of salt stress on sage (Salvia officinalis L.) seedlings was investigated. In this context, MT (0, 50 mu M, and 100 mu M) and SNP (0, 50 mu M, and 100 mu M) were applied individually. The interactive effects of each molecule with salt stress (50 and 100 mM NaCl) were assessed using a range of morpho-physiological, biochemical and analytical parameters of sage. The results of the study showed that high salinity (100 mM NaCl) critically reduced growth and photosynthetic traits and increased oxidative stress damage parameters. On the other hand, high concentrations (100 mu M) of MT or SNP treatments significantly improved growth, enhanced photosynthetic traits and mitigated oxidative stress damage parameters. For instance, individual treatments of both MT and SNP enhanced tolerance of sage against salinity stress by increasing relative water content, proline, total carbohydrates, total phenolics and flavonoid content, and the antioxidant enzymes and DPPH scavenging activities. Essential oil yield and individual essential oil compounds were also increased by MT and SNP. Overall, these molecules can be considered as potential protective agents against salinity stress in sage seedlings.