Venice, the enchanting Italian city built on a lagoonal environment, faces ongoing geotechnical challenges due to natural processes and anthropogenic influences. Over the past century, extensive geotechnical investigations have been conducted to characterize the unique stratigraphy of Venice's soils. Some key locations, representative of the city's diverse soil profiles, have undergone in-depth analysis, with investigations reaching depths of tens of meters. Three key sites-Malamocco, Treporti, and La Grisa-were strategically selected to study the complex mechanical properties of Venetian soils. In this study, we present a comprehensive synthesis of the most significant findings from the geotechnical investigations conducted throughout the Venetian lagoon over recent decades, focusing on methodologies for the evaluation of stiffness parameters in highly heterogeneous soil layers. These results enhance the understanding of geological and geotechnical behaviour of Venice's subsoil and provide crucial data for developing resilient engineering solutions.

Channel meandering is ubiquitous in tidal marshes, yet it is either omitted or weakly implemented in morphodynamic models. Here we propose a novel numerical method to simulate channel meandering in tidal marshes on a Cartesian grid. The method calculates a first-order flow by considering the balance between pressure gradient and bed friction. To account for flow momentum shift toward meander outer banks, the flow is empirically modified. Unlike previous simplified methods that relied on the curvature of the bank, this modification is based on the curvature of the flow, making the model suitable for use in dendritic channel networks. The modified flow intrinsically accounts for the topographic steering effect, which tends to deflect the momentum toward the outer bank. As a result, the outer bank becomes steeper and erodes due to soil creep. Additionally, the outer bank experiences erosion proportional to the flow curvature. This mechanism parameterizes the direct erosion caused by flow impacting the bank through a proportionality coefficient, which modulates the rate of channel lateral migration. Deposition on the inner bank is automatically simulated by the model, triggered by reduced bed shear stress in that area. The model accurately reproduces channel lateral migration and sinuosity development, and associated processes such as meander cutoffs, channel piracies, and network reorganizations. The model provides an efficient tool for predicting marsh landscape evolution from decades to millennia, and will enable exploring how lateral migration and meandering of tidal channels affect marsh ecomorphodynamics, carbon and nutrient cycling, drainage efficiency, and pond dynamics. Novel, depth-averaged, Cartesian-grid-based numerical model to simulate channel meandering in tidal marshes Realistic tidal channel morphologies and dynamics are reproduced, including cuspate bends, meander cutoffs, and channel piracies Model simulates the ecomorphodynamic evolution of tidal marshes with branching and meandering channel networks over decades to millennia