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Drought and salt stress are two major abiotic factors significantly impacting crop growth and yield. Climate change leads to increasing drought and soil salinization issues, rising significant challenges to agricultural production. Amylases play a crucial role in enhancing the tolerance of crops to these stresses by regulating physiological and enzymatic activities. Previous study identified MeAMY1 and MeBAM3 as key genes involved in cassava starch metabolism under drought stress. To investigate their functions under drought and salt stress, MeAMY1 and MeBAM3 genes were cloned and over-expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana in the current study. Overexpression of MeAMY1 in Arabidopsis enhances amylase activities, promotes starch hydrolysis, releases soluble sugar and thus enhances osmotic balance in transgenic Arabidopsis. In the mean while, expression of BAM1 and SEX1 were depressed by MeAMY1 to maintain the protects cells closed under stress and preserved starch for adapting the stressful environments. Overexpression of the MeBAM3 in Arabidopsis can increase the expression levels of AMY3 and RVE1, promotes starch hydrolysis, releases soluble sugar from the chloroplasts to the cytoplasm and thus enhances osmoregulatory substance content, reducing stress-induced damage to antioxidant enzymes and cell membranes and improving stress tolerance. The principal component analysis further indicated that MeAMY1 and MeBAM3 overexpression lines responded similarly to drought stress, while MeBAM3 overexpression provided greater resilience to salt stress.

期刊论文 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110058 ISSN: 0981-9428

Thermochemical processing of biowaste generates renewable carbon-rich materials with potential agronomic uses, contributing to waste valorization. This study evaluates the application of hydrochar obtained from hydrothermal carbonization of food waste, those obtained by different post-treatments (washing, aging, and thermal treatment), as well as biochar obtained by pyrolysis as soil amendments. For this purpose, the effect of char addition (1-10 wt% d.b.) on a marginal agricultural soil on germination and growth of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plants was assessed. All the hydrochars exhibited a chemical composition suitable for agronomic use, characterized by high nutrient content, abundant organic matter, and low concentration of phytotoxic metals. In contrast, biochar exceeded the permissible limits for Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations rendering it unsuitable for application to agronomic crops. The high temperature of thermal post-treatment and pyrolysis favored mineral and heavy metal concentration while washing significantly reduced nutrient content (N, S, P, K, Mg) along with the electrical conductivity. The addition of biochar or both washed and thermally post-treated hydrochar negatively affected tomato growth. Reduced chlorophyll content was associated with the decreased expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in antioxidant metabolism. This led to photosynthetic membrane damage, as evidenced by chlorophyll fluorescence-related parameters. Conversely, the addition of aged (<= 5 wt %) and fresh (1-10 wt%) hydrochars increased both germination and plant growth compared to unamended soil, indicating that hydrochar from food waste does not require additional post-treatments to be used as a soil amendment.

期刊论文 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114901 ISSN: 0956-053X

Salinity is a common environmental stress that disrupts physiological and biochemical processes in plants, inhibiting growth. Silicon is a key element that enhances plant tolerance to such abiotic stresses. This study examined the effects of silicon supplementation on physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of GF677 and GN15 rootstocks under NaCl-induced salinity stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a factorial design with two rootstocks, three NaCl concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mM), and three silicon levels (0, 1, and 2 mM) in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Salinity significantly reduced growth parameters, including shoot and root fresh and dry weights, RWC, and photosynthetic activity, with GN15 being more sensitive to salt stress than GF677. Silicon supplementation, especially at 2 mM, alleviated NaCl-induced damage, enhancing biomass retention and RWC under moderate and high NaCl levels. Additionally, silicon reduced electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, suggesting a protective role against oxidative stress. Biochemical analyses showed that silicon increased the accumulation of osmolytes such as proline, soluble sugars, glycine betaine, and total soluble protein, particularly in GF677. Silicon also boosted antioxidant enzyme activities, mitigating oxidative damage. In terms of mineral nutrition, silicon reduced Na+ and Cl- accumulation in leaves and roots, with the greatest reduction observed at 2 mM Si. Gene expression analysis indicated that NaCl stress upregulated key salt tolerance genes, including HKT1, AVP1, NHX1, and SOS1, with silicon application further enhancing their expression, particularly in GF677. The highest levels of gene expression were found in plants treated with both NaCl and 2 mM Si, suggesting that silicon improves salt tolerance by modulating gene expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of silicon as an effective mitigator of NaCl stress in GF677 and GN15 rootstocks, particularly under moderate to high salinity conditions. Silicon supplementation enhances plant growth, osmotic regulation, reduces oxidative damage, and modulates gene expression for salt tolerance. Further research is needed to assess silicon's effectiveness under soil-based conditions and its applicability to other rootstocks and orchard environments. This study is the first to concurrently evaluate the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of GF677 and GN15 rootstocks to silicon application under salt stress conditions.

期刊论文 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-025-06753-x ISSN: 1471-2229

The parameters of the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) play a pivotal role in the examination of unsaturated soil behavior. This study employs three machine learning models-random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and multiexpression programming (MEP)-to predict the SWCC using key soil properties. Among them, the RF model demonstrated the most robust performance in SWCC prediction. The Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) analysis further reveals that suction is the most influential factor affecting SWCC predictions, with other input parameters also contributing significantly. Additionally, the MEP model offers a straightforward expression for SWCC estimation and, thus, proved practical for predicting embankment responses and exhibited superior accuracy over traditional methods, such as the Arya and Paris model (ACAP). For a precise assessment of the hydromechanical response of the embankment subjected to infiltration, an increase in pore pressure is observed when employing the MEP model compared to the ACAP model for fine-grained soils. The findings emphasize the potential of RF and MEP in enhancing SWCC prediction and their practical implications for soil engineering applications.

期刊论文 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1061/JCCEE5.CPENG-6062 ISSN: 0887-3801

Soil salinization poses a significant challenge for rice farming, affecting approximately 20% of irrigated land worldwide. It leads to osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, and oxidative damage, severely hindering growth and yield. This study investigates the potential of lignin-containing cellulose nanofiber (LCNF)-selenium nanoparticle (SeNPs) hybrids to enhance salt tolerance in rice, focusing on two rice genotypes with contrasting responses to salt stress. LCNF-SeNP hybrids were synthesized using a microwave-assisted green synthesis method and characterized through FTIR, X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, and TGA. The effects of LCNF/SeNPs on seed germination, physiological responses, and gene expression were evaluated under varying levels of NaCl-induced salt stress. Results indicated that LCNF/SeNPs significantly enhanced the salt tolerance of the salt-sensitive genotype IR29, as evidenced by increased germination rates, reduced salt injury scores, and higher chlorophyll content. For the salt-tolerant genotype TCCP, LCNF/SeNPs improved shoot lengths and maintained elevated chlorophyll levels under salt stress. Furthermore, LCNF/SeNPs improved ion homeostasis in both genotypes by reducing the Na+/K+ ratio, which is crucial for maintaining cellular function under salt stress. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of key salt stress-responsive genes, suggesting enhanced stress tolerance due to the application of LCNF/SeNPs in both genotypes. This study underscores the potential of LCNF/SeNPs as a sustainable strategy for improving crop performance in saline environments.

期刊论文 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-98906-z ISSN: 2045-2322

Heavy metal (HM) pollution in agricultural soils threatens plant growth and food security, underscoring the urgency for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions. This study investigates the potential of endophytic fungi, Fusarium proliferatum SL3 and Aspergillus terreus MGRF2, in mitigating nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) stress in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). These fungi were evaluated for their plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores, offering a sustainable strategy for alleviating HM toxicity. Inoculation with SL3 and MGRF2 significantly reduced metal accumulation in plant tissues by enhancing metal immobilization and modifying root architecture. Microscopic analysis revealed that fungi protected root epidermal cells from Ni- and Cd-induced damage, preserving cellular integrity and preventing plasmolysis. Fungal-treated plants exhibited improved growth and biomass, with SL3 demonstrating superior Cd stress mitigation and MGRF2 excelling under Ni stress. Photosynthetic pigment levels, including chlorophyll-a and carotenoids, were restored, highlighting the role of fungi in maintaining photosynthetic efficiency. Antioxidant activity was also modulated, as reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and increased flavonoid production were observed, contributing to enhanced oxidative stress management. Hormonal profiling revealed that fungal inoculation balanced stress-induced hormonal disruptions, with lower abscisic acid (ABA) levels and improved salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA) pathways. These changes facilitated better stress adaptation, enhanced nutrient uptake, and improved physiological performance. qRT-PCR analysis further revealed differential gene expression patterns, while antioxidant enzyme activity strengthened the plants' defense against HMinduced oxidative damage. Multivariate analyses highlighted shoot and root traits as critical indicators of resilience, with fungal inoculation driving substantial improvements. These findings demonstrate the potential of SL3 and MGRF2 as eco-friendly bioinoculants, offering a sustainable and cost-effective approach to reducing HMs toxicity in contaminated soils while enhancing crop productivity. This work highlights the promising role of plant-microbe interactions in advancing sustainable agriculture and addressing the challenges posed by heavy metal pollution.

期刊论文 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109589 ISSN: 0981-9428

Simple Summary: To reduce the influence of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the cultivation of Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li, this study adopted the application of microbial fertilizer to mitigate soil damage and enhance the plant's stress resistance. In this experiment, the growth index, enzyme activity, and gene expression of F. taipaiensis leaves were measured by applying nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The results showed that nitrogen-fixing bacteria could promote the growth and development of F. taipaiensis. This study not only provides a theoretical foundation for the subsequent cultivation technology of F. taipaiensis but also provides a new idea in terms of the realization of green planting of Chinese medicinal materials. The widespread application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has resulted in environmental pollution. With the growing emphasis on ecological agriculture in traditional Chinese medicine, microbial fertilizers are increasingly recognized for their potential. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of inoculating nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the soil (yellow loam, river sand, and organic fertilizer in a 2:1:1 ratio) of Fritillaria taipaiensis, with a focus on the leaf changes in terms of physiological parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, and corresponding gene expression levels. The experiment involved three nitrogen-fixing bacteria, namely Rahnella aquatilis, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, and Paenibacillus stellifer, with a total of eight treatment groups. The objective was to assess how these bacterial treatments influenced physiological parameters, photosynthetic characteristics, pigment content, and both antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression in the leaves of F. taipaiensis. The experimental results demonstrated statistically significant reductions (p < 0.05) in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and stomatal limitation value (LS) in F. taipaiensis leaves under treatment conditions relative to the control group (CK). The most substantial decreases were observed dual-inoculation with R. aquatilis and P. stellifer (N5), showing reductions of 38.24% and 20.94% in MDA and LS compared to CK values. Additionally, leaf area, leaf thickness, stem thickness, plant height, photosynthetic parameters, pigment content, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, proline levels, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) exhibited varying degrees of increase. Compared to the CK group, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities of the N5 group increased by 141.06%, 160.59%, and 106.23%, respectively. The relative gene expression patterns of SOD, POD, and CAT corresponded with the trends observed in their respective antioxidant enzyme activities. Pearson correlation analysis further demonstrated that leaf area and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were significantly correlated with respect to SOD, POD, and CAT activities, as well as their corresponding gene expression levels. In conclusion, inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria improved the growth and stress tolerance of F. taipaiensis, with the combined application of Rahnella aquatilis and Pseudomonas stellifer yielding the most effective results. This study establishes that different rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria, either individually or in combination, influence the photosynthetic characteristics, physiological and biochemical parameters, and protective enzyme systems of F. taipaiensis. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the selection of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as biofertilizers in the artificial cultivation of F. taipaiensis and highlight their potential application in the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.

期刊论文 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.3390/biology14040325

Vibration-based damage detection techniques have gained popularity in structural health monitoring due to their non-destructive nature. Most of such damage detection techniques on buildings have developed considering fixed base foundation, that is without considering effect of soil underneath. The objective of the present study is to develop a closed-form expression for determining damage severity in a shear building considering flexible boundary condition that is soil-structure interaction (SSI) using frequency response function (FRF)-based approach. The main concern is to understand the influence of SSI on structural damage quantification during post-seismic mitigation through numerical as well as experimental study. A numerical simulation has been performed on a 14-storey shear building with various soil conditions, namely fixed, dense, medium and soft soil. In the experimental investigation, the dimensions of the soil mass have been considered in such a way that free-field response can be replicated. By similitude laws, a geometric scale factor has been applied to develop a small-scale model and an equivalent shear beam (ESB) container. Damage severity has been determined for both numerical and experimental studies. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been further studied for a real structure. The novelty of the study lies in the mathematical development involving minimum number of sensors as well as in modelling the effect of semi-infinite soil layer under a scaled-down model. The proposed approach is effective in identifying intermediate and ground storey damage. However, further investigation is required for quantifying complex damage patterns.

期刊论文 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1177/13694332251327802 ISSN: 1369-4332

The present study uncovers the impacts of pesticide-thiamethoxam (TMX- 750 mg L- 1 ) and salicylic acid (SA- 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM) in Brassica juncea L. TMX poisoning exacerbates the nuclear and membrane damage, whereas an increment in the oxidative stress markers like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2- ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents has been observed. The significance of phytohormone SA in mitigating TMX toxicity by enhancing the growth, and antioxidant capacities of B. juncea seedlings is not well documented. Salicylic acid priming to these TMX-exposed seedlings maximizes the germination potential by 34%, and root, shoot length by 86.9% and 41.5%, whereas, minimizing the levels of oxidative stress indicators such as H2O2 by 34.8%, O 2- by 26.9% and amounts of MDA by 45.6% and EL (electrolyte leakage) contents by 22.7% under 1 mM of SA. Also, an increment in the activity of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) by 122.1%, 186%, 39%, 82.61%, 40.02%, 75.6% and 59.5% was observed when TMX exposed seeds were supplemented with the highest SA (1 mM) concentration. Whereas, an upregulation in the gene expressions of enzymatic antioxidants was assessed as well as a swift decrease in the RBOH1 (respiratory burst oxidase1) gene expression was observed under the subsequent SA supplementation. Thus, the results effectively address the ameliorative potentials of exogenously applied SA in order to maximize the growth and development, by mediating osmotic adjustments, and antioxidant potentials in B. juncea L.

期刊论文 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125616 ISSN: 0269-7491

Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) is an important mediator for Ca2 + signal recognition and transduction, playing a crucial role in plant stress response. Previous studies have shown that PcCDPK5 may be involved in the response of patchouli to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) stress. In this study, we further found that the subcellular localization of PcCDPK5 protein is in the cytoplasm, and its gene expression is closely related to continuous cropping (CC) and p-HBA stress. Under p-HBA stress, silencing the PcCDPK5 homologous gene in Nicotiana tabacum leads to decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, significantly accumulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and affecting normal plant growth. On the contrary, overexpression of PcCDPK5 can effectively alleviate the damage caused by p-HBA stress to plant bodies. Through this research, the function of PcCDPK5 in response to p-HBA stress has been preliminarily analyzed, laying a theoretical foundation for alleviating CC obstacles in patchouli.

期刊论文 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.117807 ISSN: 0147-6513
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