This paper analyzes the stabilizing effect of stone dust, granite dust, marble dust, and calcium lignosulphonate on construction materials and natural soils during road construction. The ultimate aim was to enhance the soil's engineering properties such that the pavement constructed could correctly withstand the load applied. To achieve this, every stabilizer was amalgamated with the soil at various percentages between 5 and 50%. Measurements were made of Atterberg limit tests, moisture content, and specific gravity. The research demonstrated that a diminution in optimal moisture content was seen, with an elevation in maximum dry density and California bearing ratio (CBR). Enhancements in the unconfined compressive strength were also identified. The outcomes determined that the untreated soil's CBR was 2.27% and in the case of soil with 45% additives, the CBR attained was 5.05%. When the soil was mixed with 50% additives, performance of 30.21%, 17.42%, and 12.82% was exhibited for (a) liquid limit, (b) plastic limit, and (c) plasticity index. Moreover, via the addition of presented stabilizers, the soil's mechanical properties were elevated appreciably.

Photovoltaic (PV) module soiling, i.e., the accumulation of soil deposits on the surface of a PV module, directly affects the amount of solar energy received by the PV cells in that module and has also been suggested as a mechanism that can give rise to additional heating, leading to significant power generation losses or even physical degradation, damage and lifetime reduction. Investigations of PV soiling are challenging and limited. We present results from an extensive outdoor experimental testing campaign of soiling, apply detailed characterisation techniques, and consider the resulting losses. Soil from sixty low-iron glass coupons was collected at various tilt angles over a study period of 12 months to capture monthly, seasonal and annual variations. The coupons were exposed to outdoor conditions to mimic the upper surface of PV modules. Transmittance measurements showed that the horizontal coupons experienced the highest degree of soiling. The horizontal wet-season, dry-season and full-year samples experienced a relative transmittance decrease of 62 %, 66 %, and 60 %, respectively, which corresponds to a predicted relative decrease of 62 %, 66 %, and 60 % in electrical power generation. An analysis of the soiling matter using an X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope showed the presence of particulate matter with diameters <10 mu m (PM10), which was the most prevalent in the studied region. The findings of this study lay the groundwork for research into soiling mitigation practices.