The Nilufer district experienced the most recent urbanization among the central districts of Bursa in South Marmara region with the completion of rapid construction. Since 358 BCE, many destructive earthquakes were reported on the branches of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) which caused extensive damage to buildings and loss of life near Bursa city. Besides some studies conducted to define the soil behavior in the vicinity of Bursa, a seismic hazard study in Nilufer is still lacking. We, therefore, carried out a microzonation study including the following steps. First, an earthquake hazard analysis was conducted and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) values were determined for an expected earthquake. In the next step, MASW (Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave) measurements conducted at 54 points in 28 neighbourhoods of Nilufer district were evaluated. Soil mechanical parameters were determined at 11 boreholes to assess the liquefaction potential. It was found that almost half of the study area suffers from low damage considering only the vulnerability index (Kg) index, which depends on the site effect. Therefore, in addition to the Kg values, we created a microzonation map using the results of soil liquefaction, settlement, changes in groundwater level, and the average values of spectral acceleration. The study area is classified by four damage levels changing from low to high. Using only the Kg index could not quantify the potential damage level in the study area, thus we showed that the districts of Altinsehir, Hippodrome, Urunlu and Alaaddinbey, Ertugrul, 29 Ekim, 23 Nisan, Ahmetyesevi and Minarelicavus were identified at potentially high-risk damage zones. The results of this study clearly showed that considering the Kg index, which depends only on the local site effect, may lead to inadequate damage values.

Shear-wave velocity is a soil mechanical property. It is the main cause of local ground-motion amplification, and it is responsible for a large amount of the damage. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the soil characteristics down to bedrock to investigate the potential site effect. In this study, seven points in Ras Samadai area have been chosen to be investigated using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and Shallow Seismic Refraction (SSR) as active seismic methods. Furthermore, the Frequency-Wavenumber (f-k) and Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) techniques were used as passive techniques to obtain the subsurface seismic velocity models and evaluate the site effect beneath the investigated points. The shallow and deep 1-D shear wave velocity models have been obtained at the chosen points using the MASW and f-k approaches. Furthermore, the research area is divided into three main layers based on the seismic refraction approach. At certain cross-sections, there are clear variations in the layers thickness resulting from faults effect. The HVSR method displays two different kinds of curves: flat and one peak curves, due to the variation in impedance contrast between the bedrock and the overlying soil. Moreover, the obtained vulnerability index (Kg) indicates that there is low level of hazards could happen in the study area. Finally, the 2-D lithological models are created to delineate the underground fault lines and displays the lateral variations in lithological composition. This information is useful for the seismic hazard analysis in terms of ground response prediction at ground surface and soil column.

The single-station microtremor method is one of the fastest, most reliable, and cheapest methods used to identify dynamic soil properties. This study utilizes 49 single-station microtremor measurements to identify the dynamic soil properties of the Hilalkent quarter of the Yakutiye district in Erzurum. Soil dominant frequency and the amplification factor were calculated by using the Nakamura horizontal/vertical spectral ratio (H/V) method. While the soil dominant frequency values varied between 0.4 Hz and 10 Hz, the soil amplification factor changed between 1 and 10. Higher H/V values were acquired with lower frequency values. The vulnerability index (Kg) and shear strain parameters that are utilized to estimate the damage that may be caused by an earthquake were mapped. Especially in the west side of the study area, higher Kg values were observed. The shear strain map was created with 0.25 g, 0.50 g and 0.75 g bedrock accelerations, and soil types that lost elasticity during an earthquake were identified. The average shear wave velocity for the first 30 m (Vs30) was calculated. Finally, it was observed that the western part of the study area, which resulted in a higher period and higher H/V, higher Kg and lower Vs30 values, presents a higher risk of damage during an earthquake.

Various geological disasters, such as landslides and ground movements, occur annually in Srimulyo Village, Malang District, with varying levels of damage. Ground movements can affect structures built above, causing sinking, cracking, and collapse. Research into landslides and ground movements triggered by vibrations is generally conducted using the microtremor method, which has proven effective. This study uses the microtremor method to map the soil condition that is potentially prone to movement or landslides based on the observed soil vulnerability index. Data was collected using a TDL 303s Digital Portable Seismograph instrument; the measurement points were established in the form of a grid distributed across the research area, with a recording duration of approximately 45 minutes at each point. The analysis technique utilizes the Horizontal Vertical Spectrum Ratio (HVSR) based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) principle. The study's results found that the research location's seismic vulnerability index varies between 6.5 and 16.5. Areas with high seismic vulnerability index values, specifically those with Kg>11.5, are scattered on the west, south, and southeast sides of the research location. Based on field observations, these areas are dominated by relatively thick sediment layers, leading to lower dominant frequency values and higher amplification values; consequently, the seismic vulnerability index in the southern region is also high.