The importance of green areas in today's modern city concept is increasing day by day. In this understanding, the use of turfgrass [e.g. Bentgrass (Agrostis spp. L.); Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.); Common Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poales: Poaceae)] in sports fields is getting important. Golf courses mainly occurs turfgrass and not much nematological studies has been done in courses of T & uuml;rkiye. In this study, total of 51 soil and 3 water samples were taken from golf courses in Antalya, T & uuml;rkiye's largest golf tourism destination, in 2021. Within the scope of this study, plant parasitic nematode (PPN) species belonging to the genera Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894 (Tylenchida: Aphelenchoididae), Aphelenchus Bastian, 1865 (Tylenchida: Aphelenchoididae), Criconemella (De Grisse & Loof, 1965) (Tylenchida: Criconematidae), Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Tylenchida: Anguinidae), Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae), Hemicriconemoides Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 (Tylenchida: Criconematidae), Hemicycliophora de Man, 1921 (Tylenchida: Hemicycliophoridae), Hoplolaimus von Daday, 1905 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae), Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae), Paratrichodorus Siddiqi, 1974 (Triplonchida: Trichodoridae) and Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 (Tylenchida: Tylenchidae) were identified using morphological and morphometric methods. The most detected species in the samples was Hemicycliophora punensis Darekar & Khan, 1980 (Rhabditida: Hemicycliophoridae) (22.22%), while the least detected PPN species was Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) (3.70%). In this study, it is important there are virus vector species among the identified plant parasitic nematode genera. These nematode species can play an active role in the spread of various viral diseases in turfgrass areas. In turfgrass areas where very sensitive cultivation is carried out, such as golf courses, PPN's cause direct damages by feeding, which serve as the source of entry of pathogens into the plants. This situation increases the prevalence and severity of the disease in infected fields. Therefore, early detection of the presence of PPN's in cultivation areas is important to determine effective control strategies.

Disease-suppressive soils have been documented in many economically important crops, but not in turfgrass, one of the most intensively managed plant systems in the United States. Dollar spot, caused by the fungus Clarireedia jacksonii, is the most economically important disease of managed turfgrass and has historically been controlled through the intensive use of fungicides. However, previous anecdotal observations of lower dollar spot severity on golf courses with less intensive fungicide histories suggest that intensive fungicide usage may suppress microbial antagonism of pathogen activity. This study explored the suppressive activity of transplanted microbiomes against dollar spot from seven locations in the Midwestern U.S. and seven locations in the Northeastern U.S. with varying fungicide use histories. Creeping bentgrass was established in pots containing homogenized sterile potting mix and field soil and inoculated with C. jacksonii upon maturity. Bacterial and fungal communities of root-associated soil and phyllosphere were profiled with short-amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbial community associated with disease suppression. The results showed that plants grown in the transplanted soil microbiome collected from sites with lower fungicide intensities exhibited reduced disease severity. Plant growth-promot ing and pathogen-antagonistic microbes may be responsible for disease suppression, but further validation is required. Additional least squares regression analysis of the fungicides used at each location suggested that contact fungicides such as chlorotha lonil and fluazinam had a greater influence on the microbiome disease suppressive ness than penetrant fungicides. Potential organisms antagonistic to Clarireedia were identified in the subsequent amplicon sequencing analysis, but further characterization and validation are required.

Turf-type tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.: TTTF] is a predominant turfgrass species for lawns throughout cool-humid regions, yet brown patch (caused by Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia-like species) can cause severe damage during the summer months. Hypothesized strategies to help minimize brown patch severity and decrease fungicide use includes establishing TTTFs with a high level of host resistance and minimizing summer nitrogen (N) applications. A two-year field study was conducted in West Lafayette, IN to determine the influence of late-spring and summer applied N at two application rates among five TTTF cultivars. Urea-N was applied monthly at two rates from April to July, totaling to 73.5 and 245.0 kg N ha-1. Turf performance was determined using visual ratings for turf quality, relative canopy greenness, disease severity (0-100%), and seasonal brown patch as calculated by area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Brown patch was generally not affected by N-rate for any cultivar in either study year. While none of the TTTF cultivars had complete brown patch resistance, cultivar differences were observed, with disease severity ranging from 9.8 to 39.0% and 20.0-51.9% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Selecting a brown patch resistant cultivar reduced seasonal brown patch severity by 61% across study years compared to the most susceptible cultivars. This study demonstrates that summer N applications to TTTF lawns should not be completely avoided to reduce brown patch as previously suggested and emphasizes the importance of host resistance for disease management.

The annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis) is the most damaging insect pest of short-mown turfgrass on golf courses in eastern North America. Listronotus maculicollis larvae cause limited visible damage as stem-borers (L1-3), compared to the crown-feeding (L4-5) developmental instars. Prolonged larval feeding results in discoloration and formation of irregular patches of dead turf, exposing soil on high-value playing surfaces (fairways, collars, tee boxes, and putting greens). Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is highly susceptible to L. maculicollis compared to a tolerant alternate host plant, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). This study explored whether defense signaling phytohormones contribute to A. stolonifera tolerance in response to L. maculicollis. Concentrations (ng/g) of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonic-isoleucine (JA-Ile), 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were extracted from turfgrass (leaf, stem, and root) tissue samples as mean larval age reached 2nd (L2), 3rd (L3), and 4th (L4) instar. Poa annua infested with L. maculicollis larvae (L2-4) possessed significantly greater SA in above-ground tissues than A. stolonifera. Levels of constitutive JA, JA-Ile, OPDA, and ABA were significantly higher within non-infested A. stolonifera aboveground tissues compared to P. annua. Inducible defense phytohormones may play a role in P. annua susceptibility to L. maculicollis but are unlikely to provide tolerance in A. stolonifera. Additional studies in turfgrass breeding, particularly focusing on cultivar selection for increased constitutive JA content, could provide a non-chemical alternative management strategy for L. maculicollis for turfgrass managers.

. Two cool-season putting green turfgrass species, annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass, are differential in ice encasement tolerance. Physiological mechanisms associated with creeping bentgrass ice encasement tolerance and annual bluegrass susceptibility are not understood. The objectives were to evaluate oxygen, ethylene, and CO2 content within the upper soil space of the plants while frozen and immediately after ice melt after 0, 5, 10, 20, and 28 days of ice encasement (2.54 cm of ice) in growth chamber conditions. Following ice melt, plant samples were separated into leaf, crown, and root tissues and used to evaluate carbohydrate and amino acid content. Annual bluegrass exhibited higher damage (slower recovery rates) on most sampling days compared with creeping bentgrass. The organs that were most damaged and exhibited a differential principal component analysis snapshot, were the leaf and crown tissues. Creeping bentgrass may preserve leaf and crown tissues for postwinter recovery whereas significant metabolic changes occur in annual bluegrass leaves and crowns. Creeping bentgrass retained total amino acids in leaves following ice encasement whereas total leaf amino acid levels declined in annual bluegrass. Specific carbohydrates and amino acids such as the ability to maintain high levels of fructose, asparagine, and proline may be important indicators of the tolerance to ice encasement stress. On the basis of more prominent carbohydrate and amino acid loss in leaves and crowns and higher levels of CO2 evolution, annual bluegrass may exhibit a higher metabolism and/or tissue damage during ice encasement compared with creeping bentgrass, which could reduce spring recuperative potential.

It is known that natural products can be used to strengthen and minimise stress of the gardening and sportive lawns, thus reducing the required inputs. In this paper, a trial is designed that allows for the study of the effect of a combination of two biostimulants and water -retaining agent products on different types of lawns. During 6 months, including the summer, soil and plant parameters are evaluated to compare the effects of treatments on soil temperature, humidity, and electrical conductivity, along with the NDVI of the grasslands. Treatment with the water -retaining agent and the second tested biostimulants has increased soil moisture by 10 %, with a greater effect on ornamental grasslands with lower maintenance requirements than sports lawns. The treatments with the two biostimulants without the water retaining agent do not lead to a significant variation in the aspect of the lawn. Marginal increases in the NDVI have been observed in all the treatments, which include the biostimulants. According to these results, it is possible to achieve better water efficiency in managing urban lawns by using natural products, which leads to a more sustainable use of hydric resources.

Root-knot nematodes were discovered in severely declining creeping bentgrass putting greens at a golf course in Indian Wells, Riverside County, California. The exhibited disease symptoms included chlorosis, stunted growth, and dieback. Based on morphological examination and measurements of J2 females and males, it was suggested that the causal pathogen was Meloidogyne marylandi. This identification was confirmed by analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA and COI gene sequences. The host status of 28 plant species was evaluated in greenhouse trials. All tested monocots, except rye and Allium species, were found to be hosts, while no reproduction occurred on dicots. Temperature-tank experiments helped determine that the life cycle of M. marylandi was completed between 17-35 degrees C, with a base temperature of 8.3 degrees C and a required heat sum of 493 degree-days (DD). In greenhouse trials in pasteurized soil and near-ideal growing conditions, M. marylandi did not cause significant growth reduction of creeping bentgrass cv. Penn A-4, even at very high J2 inoculation densities. It is highly probable that other biotic and abiotic factors contributed to the observed putting green damage.

Lawns play a key role in enhancing public spaces, preventing soil erosion, and acting as barriers against dust and sludge. In Brazil, Paspalum notatum is widely cultivated for its adaptability to the country's ecosystems and the availability of native ecotypes. However, soil salinization, a growing ecological concern, can limit lawn growth due to sodium and chloride ion toxicity. This study aimed to identify the most tolerant among five genotypes (Arua & iacute; and Tiriba cultivars, BRA 010006 and BRA 019178 accessions and the commercial species Axonopus fissifolius) subjected to salinity levels (0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 dS m(-1)). Analyzed variables included Na and Cl contents in plants, growth parameters (leaf and root dry mass and soil coverage), and morphological symptoms. No significant changes in leaf color or damage compromising aesthetics or functionality at salinity levels from 0.5 to 1.5 dS m(-1), with only occasional yellowing or minor scorch. Higher salinity led to leaf burn and yellowing, particularly in accession BRA 010006 and the control. Sodium and chloride contents, especially sodium, was higher in roots than leaves. Accession BRA 019178, followed by cultivars Arua & iacute; and Tiriba, demonstrated moderate tolerance, maintaining satisfactory soil coverage and dry mass across the tested salinity levels. These findings highlight the importance of selecting native turfgrasses with enhanced salt tolerance for landscaping applications in saline-prone areas.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of traffic stress by soil compaction on zoysiagrass by analyzing the aerial and underground parts and hyperspectral analysis. Zoysiagrass plants were subjected to a compaction strength gradient from 35 to 80 kgf/cm 2 to confirm the compaction resistance and recoverable limit and measure the physiological change during stress. Changes in leaf color, photosynthesis, and hyperspectral reflectance due to continuous weak and strong traffic stress were measured, and vegetation indices were evaluated for the critical traffic stress injury assessment. As a result, the stem of the zoysiagrass was severely damaged up to 70 kgf/cm 2 based on soil hardness. The recoverable limit strength of soil compaction was 55 kgf/cm 2 under weak response pressure conditions. Collectively, our results show that the damage of weak compaction strength on the zoysiagrass was quickly recovered after the stop of traffic stress, especially since the growth of the underground part was increased by weak traffic stress. However, if the compaction strength above 65 kgf/cm 2 lasted for a long time, the growth of the underground part is limited by lowering the energy supply for the recovery occurred, in turn, the recovery occurred slowly after the compaction was stopped. Among the vegetation indices obtained from hyperspectral data, pigment specific simple ratio for chlorophyll a (PSSRa), pigment specific simple ratio for chlorophyll b (PSSRb), and pigment specific simple ratio for carotenoids (PSSRc) were effective in evaluating the damage of traffic stress.