Soil-dwelling pests, such as Phyllophaga larvae, pose significant challenges to agriculture as they feed on crop roots, causing substantial losses. Their hidden behavior within the soil further complicates monitoring and control efforts. Traditional methods, such as manual excavation and acoustic detection, are often invasive, labor-intensive, or limited in precision. To address these challenges, this study aimed to establish a reliable methodology to study larval trajectories and responses within the soil environment without disturbing its natural behavior. This study describes the development of an innovative system for precise tracking of these larvae, combining magnetic markers with an array of magnetoresistive sensors. Larvae were tagged with neodymium magnets and tracked using an array of 64 anisotropic magnetoresistive sensors while being attracted by food sources and repelled by electrical stimuli. The movement of larvae marked with magnetic tags and attracted by Zea mays and Solanum tuberosum roots was successfully monitored. The system was validated using a 3D printer framework as a reference, achieving high accuracy with minimal uncertainty. Adjustments were made to the z-axis to account for variations in the distance between the magnet and the sensor array. Experiments demonstrated the ability to guide larval behavior through controlled electrical stimuli, confirming the system's utility for monitoring and behavioral studies. This approach offers significant improvements over traditional methods by preserving soil integrity, enhancing precision, and enabling real-time tracking. The findings provide a valuable tool for understanding subterranean pest dynamics and support the development of sustainable pest management strategies in agriculture.

Simulating synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of crater terrain is a crucial technique for expanding SAR sample databases and facilitating the development of quantitative information extraction models for craters. However, existing simulation methods often overlook crucial factors, including the explosive depth effect in crater morphology modeling and the double-bounce scattering effect in electromagnetic scattering calculations. To overcome these limitations, this article introduces a novel approach to simulating SAR images of crater terrain. The approach incorporates crater formation theory to describe the relationship between various explosion parameters and craters. Moreover, it employs a hybrid ray-tracing approach that considers both surface and double-bounce scattering effects. Initially, crater morphology models are established for surface, shallow burial, and deep burial explosions. This involves incorporating the explosive depth parameter into crater morphology modeling through crater formation theory and quantitatively assessing soil movement influenced by the explosion. Subsequently, the ray-tracing algorithm and the advanced integral equation model are combined to accurately calculate electromagnetic scattering characteristics. Finally, simulated SAR images of the crater terrain are generated using the SAR echo fast time-frequency domain simulation algorithm and the chirp scaling imaging algorithm. The results obtained by simulating SAR images under different explosion parameters offer valuable insights into the effects of various explosion parameters on crater morphology. This research could contribute to the creation of comprehensive crater terrain datasets and support the application of SAR technology for damage assessment purposes.

Heavy precipitation events are increasingly concerned because their significant contribution to annual precipitation in the Northwestern China, which might be related to invasion of summer monsoon moisture. It is interest whether or not the same is Jade Pass as being outside the control of the Asian summer monsoon. In this work, six heavy precipitation events were selected based on the 95 percentiles of the daily precipitation at the 12 weather stations around the Jade Pass from 1970-2000, with consideration of the influences of elevation. The event on June 19th, 2013 was chosen for a detailed examination due to the fact that the day has a large-scale precipitation as revealed by a gridded precipitation dataset over a large region. Using a Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulation with high spatiotemporal resolution and in situ isotopic tracing (delta O-18, delta D), under a large-scale heavy precipitation event, this study provides ambitious view at the synoptic scale. A dramatic decrease in the delta O-18, delta D and deuterium (d)-excess of precipitation, very high relative humidity (98%), and reduced air temperature indicate that the precipitation was a result of long-distance-transported monsoon vapor. In addition, the slope of the local water meteoric line (LWML) of the precipitation for this event was very close to that of the global meteoric water line (GWML), indicating the source of moisture was from the ocean. Meanwhile, the WRF simulation confirms that the precipitation at the Jade Pass was not caused by local convection, but by summer monsoon. Both WRF simulation and isotopic tracing support the view that the monsoon moisture could invade Jade Pass at the synoptic scale and impact on precipitation, which need be further investigated.

Understanding the interaction between groundwater and surface water in permafrost regions is essential to study flood frequencies and river water quality, especially in the high latitude/altitude basins. The application of heat tracing method, based on oscillating streatnbed temperature signals, is a promising geophysical method for identifying and quantifying the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Analytical analysis based on a one-dimensional convective -conductive heat transport equation combined with the fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing method was applied on a stream bed of a mountainous permafrost region in the Yeniugou Basin, located in the upper Heihe River on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that low connectivity existed the stream and groundwater in permafrost regions. The interaction between surface water and groundwater increased with the thawing of the active layer. This study demonstrates that the heat tracing method can be applied to study surface water-groundwater interaction over temporal and spatial scales in permafrost regions.