Mitigating the co-existence of environmental stresses on crop plants necessitates the development of integrated, eco-friendly, and sustainable approaches to alleviate plant stress responses. This study represents the first attempt to mitigate the toxic impact of prevalent pollutant (salinity) and an emergent plastic manufacturing pollutants (bisphenol A, BPA) using the polyamine (cadaverine).Tomato plants, treated with or without cadaverine, were subjected to NaCl salinity (120 mM), BPA (375 mg kg(-1) soil), and their combinations compared to non-stressed control plants examining morphological, physiological, metabolic, and molecular responses. After 10 days of transplanting, tomato plants under combined stress were unable to survive without cadaverine application. However, cadaverine spraying mitigated the damaging effects of both single and combined stresses under short- and long-term exposure, enabling stressed plants to endure the conditions and complete their life cycles. Cadaverine efficiently restrained the reduction in chlorophylls, carotenoids, and cytosolutes under applied stresses compared to the stressed plants. Cadaverine also increased alpha-tocopherol content (by 171 and 53 %) and enhanced the activity of polyphenol oxidase (by 26 and 32 %), glutathione s-transferases (by 18 and 39 %), superoxide dismutase (by 23 and 46 %), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (by 9 and 25 %), under BPA and salinity stress, respectively. Thus, cadaverine ameliorated the oxidative and nitrosative burst induced by BPA or salinity, respectively by declining hydroxyl radical (by 28 % and 20 %), superoxide anion (by 73 % and 74 %), nitric oxide (by 60 and 65 %), lipid peroxidation (by 35 % and 54 %), and lipoxygenase activity (by 74 and 68 %). Moreover, cadaverine enhanced the expression of defence-related genes, including polyphenol oxidase, tubulin, and thaumatin-like protein, and reduced the uptake of BPA in the tomato's roots while promoting its metabolism in leaves and fruits. This ensured the safety of the harvested fruits. By mitigating stress, improving plant resilience, and limiting pollutant accumulation, cadaverine presents significant potential for sustainable agricultural practices and food safety. These findings offer valuable insights into the role of cadaverine in managing abiotic stress and safeguarding crop health in environmentally challenging conditions.

Biofilm and bionanocomposite films were synthesized from polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), chitosan (CS), citric acid (CA), and zinc oxide-nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Effects of gamma-irradiation dose and ZnO-NPs concentrations; 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 (wt./wt.)% were studied. Biofilms and bionanocomposite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-rays diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, and mechanical properties to identify structure of biofilm and bionanocomposite films. Swelling (g/g)% and gelation (g/g)% of biofilms were carried out at diverse compositions of PVP to CS of (1/1), (1/2), and (2/1) (v/v). Swelling (g/g)% results of (1/1), (1/2), and (2/1) (v/v) were 116, 110, and 126, respectively. Values of highest and lowest gelation (g/g)% of (1/2) and (2/1) (v/v) are 98.0 +/- 1.8 and 85.0 +/- 2.6, respectively at 30 kGy. Water vapor transmission rate was studied for films and exposed 3450 +/- 4.1 and 185.8 +/- 1.2 (kg/m(2).day) for open bottle and (PVP/CS/PCA)/(ZnO-NPs-1.5), respectively. Values of water solubility (g/g)% were investigated and found 30.21 +/- 1.3 and 15.4 +/- 2.5 for (PVP/CS/PCA)/(ZnO-NPs-0) and (PVP/CS/PCA)/(ZnO-NPs-1.5), accordingly. Bionanocomposite films displayed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. (PVP/CS/PCA)/(ZnO-NPs-0.1) showed lowest inhibition zone; 4 +/- 0.2, 9 +/- 0.5, 19 +/- 0.1, and 8 +/- 0.3 (mm) compared with (PVP/CS/PCA)/(ZnO-NPs-1.5) of highest inhibition zone; 16 +/- 0.5, 28 +/- 0.2, 33 +/- 0.6, and 18 +/- 0.3 (mm) for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Antimicrobial activity increased with increasing ZnO-NPs concentrations. Biodegradation of biofilms and bionanocomposite films were examined under soil from 0 to120 days. Results of weight loss (g/g)% at 120 days of (PVP/CS/PCA)/(ZnO-NPs-0) and (PVP/CS/PCA)/(ZnO-NPs-1.5) are 72 +/- 4.5 and 47.5 +/- 3.8, respectively. Bionanocomposite films were used in food preservation of fresh cherry tomatoes for 30 days and showed goodness. Therefore, these results suggest that the possibility of using bionanocomposite films in food-packaging applications.