Effective identification of damage characteristics and failure modes for buried pipelines subjected to fault movements is crucial for early design and disaster assessment. In the preceding companion paper, the structural responses of large-diameter prestressed concrete cylinder pipeline (PCCP) subjected to fault displacement were initially investigated under the condition where faulting crosses pipe barrel vertically, and the deterioration process and failure modes were summarized. However, the structural responses of jointed pipelines are closely tied to faulting parameters. In this paper, a study on the location and angle of the fault plane is conducted, and the damage response and failure modes of large-diameter PCCPs are analyzed in detail and compared. The results show that strike-slip fault movement causes pipeline movement through pipe-soil interaction, and the fault displacement is accommodated by several pipe segments for the large diameter-to-length ratio PCCPs. When the fault plane crosses the pipe segment at an acute angle, the primary failure modes include material damage to the pipe joints and barrel, as well as the risk of joint leakage. Material damage occurs at the joint when the fault plane passes through the PCCP joint. Given the mechanical properties and seismic resilience of PCCPs, it is advisable to avoid faulting at acute angles crossing pipeline joints. This work focuses on the structural behavior of segmented composited PCCPs crossing a fault, aiming to predict pipeline damage and failure. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the failure modes, damage characteristics, and disaster evaluation of PCCPs under strike-slip fault conditions.

Buried cast iron pipelines are susceptible to damage at joints under fault movements. In this paper, a new three-dimensional soil-pipe continuum model for segmented pipelines undergoing fault rupture is introduced, in which both the nonlinear behavior of lead-caulked joints and post-peak softening behavior of dense sand are properly characterized. The rationality of the developed numerical model is validated against experimental results reported in the literature. Parametric analyses indicate that ignoring the strain softening behavior of soil would underestimate the maximum joint rotations, and the parameters of fault-pipe inter angle, cast iron-lead adhesion, and burial depth play a notable role on the magnitude of joint kinematics. Numerical fault rupture analyses are then conducted for cast iron pipelines with nominal diameters ranging from 900 to 1500 mm. Based on the numerical results, predictive solutions are developed for estimating the maximum axial translations and joint rotations under fault movements. The residuals of the proposed solutions are generally unbiased. The proposed solutions can be used to evaluate the maximum joint kinematics in terms of axial translations and joint rotations for largediameter cast iron pipelines with lead-caulked joints undergoing strike-slip fault ruptures.

Strike-slip faults on Europa may slide back and forth in response to diurnal tidal stresses, which could generate significant frictional heating near the surface. Previous shear heating models assumed fault sliding rates a priori, without showing how the sliding rate is connected to the resolved stresses acting on the fault. Here, I calculate the cyclic displacement along tidally driven faults. I use a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion to determine the frictional failure depth, which varies throughout the tidal cycle. The displacement on the fault is calculated assuming an elastic broken plate model. The magnitude of cyclic displacements along a fault depends upon the coefficient of friction and the shear modulus of the ice shell. If Europa's ice shell is weak, diurnal tidal stress can cause faults on Europa to slide back and forth by similar to 0.1 to 2 m each cycle. Such large amounts of cyclic slip may be enough to frictionally heat the ice and potentially produce near-surface melting. If Europa's ice shell has the strength of intact ice, faults become less responsive to cyclic tidal stresses and would only slide 0.01 to 0.2 m per cycle. Plain Language Summary Europa, Jupiter's icy moon, has many fractures and faults in its ice shell. As the moon gets stretched and squeezed by tidal forces from Jupiter, faults may slide back and forth, generating a significant amount of shear heating. I show that tidal stresses can cause faults to slide back and forth by up to 2 m each orbit. In some cases, frictional heating can cause faults to slide fast enough to generate near-surface melting and potentially water pockets only a few 100 m below the surface.