Utilizing natural expansive clays that are available on-site as sewer trench backfill can cause destructive deformations due to volume changes, which are caused by seasonal climatic changes. Such deformations result in manhole structures protruding from the surface, which cause damage to the surrounding infrastructure and generate potential trip hazards. In this study, mixtures of recycled materials with minor sensitivity to moisture variations and superior compactibility were investigated using geomechanics theories associated with granular materials as an alternative backfill material. Blends of recycled glass (RG), plastic (RP), and tire-derived aggregates (TDA) were mixed on-site, wetted to the required moisture content (MC), and used to backfill excavated trenches around two manhole structures and extended to approximately 11 m along the trench. A benchmark trial was constructed by backfilling with natural soils available on-site according to the normal procedure. The full-scale trial sites were instrumented using settlement plates and MC sensors at various locations and depths for performance monitoring. The results of approximately 17 months of field monitoring showed that settlements over both areas that were backfilled with recycled blends were <20% of those over areas backfilled with site-won soils. Approximately 82% of the settlements in the recycled blends occurred during construction. In contrast, trenches that were backfilled with site-won soils continued to exhibit deformation due to consolidation and swell-shrink cycles. The outcome of this study could contribute to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, in particular, Goal 12, by improving the industry's confidence in the reuse of wastes in geotechnical applications.

The construction of airport runways or other infrastructures on soft soil might risk damage and create potential hazards if inappropriate foundation treatments have been conducted. Preloading on soft soil is a commonly used ground improvement method in airport runway construction, owing to the cost efficiency and simplicity of this method. However, the theoretical basis for the design parameter estimation of this method has not been fully understood, for example, preloading height calculation and preloading time determination. In this paper, calculation models of settlement characteristics for soft soil preloading treatment and influence factors of preloading for soft soil are proposed, in accordance with Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. Preloading is counted as a dynamic process in this theory, and the settlement calculation model is expressed as an integration formula. In addition, a simplified calculation model is proposed in this paper for a specific condition of preloading treatment. Reliability of the models was verified with in situ data from an airport runway construction site in China. Results from multiple analysis reveal that preloading treatment can significantly increase the total settlement and consolidation, and accelerate the settlement rate of soft soil. Sensitivity analysis of the theoretical model found that preloading height is the key parameter affecting the preloading efficiency when ignoring the material type of soft soil. Moreover, the thickness of soft soil is the critical input parameter, as analyzing the factors affects the preloading height, and preloading treatment is a continues process rather than an instantaneous process, as can be noted from analyzing the settlement characteristics of the two loading conditions. The proposed settlement characteristic model provides valuable information for the design of preloading parameters of similar projects. Preloading is a simple and widely used method for improving the strength of soft soil; the design of preloading parameters mainly relies on the construction of a trial site or engineering judgment. The theoretical basis of this method is still weak. Thus, this paper proposes a settlement characteristic model under preloading conditions, which was verified by utilizing in situ data from an airport runway construction site. In addition, the influences of design parameters on such settlement characteristics as preloading height and thickness of backfill soil were analyzed. It was found that preloading height is the key parameter affecting the settlement characteristics of preloading treatment. In addition, sensitivity analysis was conducted on the preloading height design using an analytical model, and the results show that the thickness of soft soil is the critical factor affecting the preloading height. In that case, accurate site investigation is significant for the preloading design of soft soil.