Sustainability is defined as the process of developing and responsibly sustaining a healthy built environment based on resource-efficient and ecological principles. When it comes to sustainability, earthen construction is a good choice because of its minimal carbon impact and lower operating expenses. This study investigates the cost comparison between Alker and a reinforced concrete office with a dimension of 6 x 6 m. Alker is a stabilised form of earthen building. Based on the dry weight of the soil, it contains 10% gypsum, 2% lime, and 20%-22% water. Shredded plastic waste (SPW) was added to Alker to improve its properties with the addition of the environmental effect of plastic waste. The results showed that the office built with reinforced concrete had a total cost of Turkish Lira;119 348.57 (6630), whereas the building built with Alker materials had a total cost of Turkish Lira;103 474.19 (5748). Therefore, offices built with Alker's added SPW are 13% cheaper than offices built with reinforced concrete. Alker modified with shredded plastic waste has been demonstrated to be a sustainable building material with enhanced properties.

Co-liquefaction is an emerging technology aimed at enhancing bio-oil yield and quality, compensating for decrease in feedstock, increasing productivity, and adding revenue to bio-refineries. This study delves into the influence of plastic waste (PW) types during co-liquefaction with cotton gin trash (CGT) on the yield and quality of the produced crude oil. Various plastics, including PLA (polylactic acid), PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), PET (polyethylene terephthalate), LDPE (low-density polyethylene), HDPE (high-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), and PS (polystyrene), were investigated in a mixing ratio of 2:1 (CGT/plastic waste) at 320 degrees C and 2 hours in supercritical ethanol (ScEtOH), without catalyst, to produce energy -dense bio-oil under optimised conditions. The study presents the suitability of different types of plastic waste for co-feeding with CGT, along with their synergistic and antagonistic effects on product fraction yield (oil, solid, and gas), and oil energy yield. High bio-oil yields of 54.5 wt%, 53.7 wt%, and 43.1 wt% were achieved during co-liquefaction of CGT with PLA, PET and PVA, respectively. Bio-oil with the highest Higher Heating Values (HHV) was achieved through the coliquefaction of CGT with PVA (30.6 MJ/kg) and PS (31.5 MJ/kg). The solid fractions obtained from co-liquefying CGT with PLA and PVA contained 46.9 wt% and 55.1 wt% carbon, respectively, making them potential sustainable sources for soil amendment. Furthermore, the bio-oils were characterised using gas chromatographymass spectroscopy (GC-MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic spectroscopy-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D-NMR-HSQC), elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to assess their quality and stability. Solid residues were characterised to understand the extent of plastic degradation and their suitable applications. The results indicate that the co-liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass with plastics represents a viable and promising approach for improving bio-oil quality and extending its shelf life.