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A new type of multilayered plant-growing concrete was proposed in this work based on aggregate-bed 3D printing. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and low-alkalinity sulphoaluminate cement (LSAC) were used as binders for the printing mortar. The printing began by extruding the first layer mortar, and then coarse aggregates were spread on top of the mortar. Repeating these two steps multiple times finally manufactured the proposed plant-growing concrete where the plant seeds associated with soil were sown in the pores of the aggregate layers. Printability, pore structures, porosity, plant-growing quality, mechanical strengths, alkalinity, crystal phases, permeability, and stress distributions of the printed specimens were investigated. Results showed the printability of LSAC specimens was better than that of OPC specimens due to higher contents of sulphoaluminate in the LSAC specimens which consumed more water and thus resulted in drier and stronger printing mortar. The pores in the printed plant-growing concrete were connected into permeable networks allowing water to flow in and plants to grow in. The porosity and permeability of LSAC specimens were higher than those of OPC specimens due to the better printability of LSAC specimens which resulted in more connected pores, whereas the alkalinity of LSAC specimens was lower. All these led to the better plant-growing quality of LSAC specimens. Portlandite and ettringite, which were more abundant in OPC specimens, contributed more to the alkalinity of the printed concrete. The mechanical strengths of the printed plant-growing concrete showed distinct anisotropy, which was contributed by different layers playing critical roles in the strength tests. Nevertheless, ordinary materials and printing paths were used in this work, which can be varied and optimized in future studies and applications.

期刊论文 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136453 ISSN: 0950-0618

A standardized preparation process is proposed in this study for achieving optimal strength and vegetative properties in vegetated concrete, using Yunnan red soil as a growth substrate for plants. The porosity of vegetated concrete is a crucial factor influencing plant growth, while compressive strength is a significant mechanical property. To assess the strength and porosity of vegetated concrete, different design porosities (22%, 24%, 26%, 28%) and cement-to-aggregate ratios (4, 5, 6, 7) were utilized in the preparation of vegetated concrete samples. The shell-making and static-pressure-molding methods were optimized for specimen preparation. Analyzing the stress-strain full curve characteristics of vegetation-type concrete under different influencing factors, an in-depth investigation into its failure mechanism was conducted. It was determined that the design porosity and cement content significantly impact the concrete's performance, particularly in terms of 30-day compressive strength and effective porosity. Furthermore, an increase in the fly ash ratio led to an increase in porosity and a decrease in compressive strength, providing a certain guidance for optimizing concrete performance. Comparative analysis through vegetation experiments revealed that black rye grass exhibited favorable growth adaptability compared to other grass species.

期刊论文 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010031
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