High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) at the lunar South Pole are crucial for upcoming exploration missions. Recent advances, such as high-resolution images acquired from ShadowCam, utilize indirect lighting to image PSRs. This provides data for the Shape from Shading (SFS) technique, which can extract subtle topographic details from single-image to reconstruct high-resolution terrain. However, traditional SFS methods are not suitable for complex secondary scattering scenes in PSRs with multiple secondary light sources. To address this issue, a novel secondary scattering SFS (SS-SFS) method is developed for pixel-wise 3D reconstruction of PSR surfaces, which utilizes indirect illuminated imagery and the corresponding low-resolution DEM to generate DEM with high resolution matches the input image. The proposed method effectively extracts and simplifies multiple incident facets associated with each shadowed facet through clustering, while constructing and optimizing the SS-SFS loss function. Experiments were conducted using ShadowCam images of two areas including both PSRs and temporary shadowed areas, to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. The SS-SFS DEMs effectively capture intricate topographic details, and comparisons with adjusted Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter laser points indicate that the SS-SFS DEMs exhibit high overall accuracy. The high-resolution slope map of PSRs was calculated based on the SS-SFS DEMs, and overcome the limitation that surface slope is relatively underestimated from LOLA DEMs. Additionally, the SS-SFS DEMs were comprehensively compared with the traditional SFS DEMs generated using Narrow Angle Camera imagery in a small temporarily shadowed area, revealing strong consistency and further validating the effectiveness of detailed reconstruction. Overall, the proposed SS-SFS method is essential for generating high-resolution DEMs of PSRs, supporting future lunar South Pole exploration missions.

为提高隧道施工安全水平，解决当前青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工中安全隐患大、事故频发的问题，引入韧性理论，提出一种施工安全韧性评价方法。首先对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性的概念进行分析，结合PSR(PressureState-Response)模型，建立青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性PSR模型，在此基础上，通过系统性文献综述法和专家调查法识别并筛选指标，建立了包含3个一级指标和26个二级指标的青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性评价指标体系；其次，基于博弈论原理，运用区间层次分析法和反熵权法，求得指标最优组合权重，并运用可拓云综合评价模型，将定量与定性分析相结合，对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性进行评价；最后，对青藏高原地区某富水冰碛隧道的施工安全韧性进行了实例分析，并从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标三方面提出韧性提升建议。研究结果表明：该隧道施工安全韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），其中压力指标的韧性等级为2级（较低韧性），状态指标的韧性等级为4级（较高韧性），响应指标的韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），说明该隧道施工过程中受到压力因素的影响较为严重，但施工系统自身完善有效的措施方案，能在很大程度上...

为提高隧道施工安全水平，解决当前青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工中安全隐患大、事故频发的问题，引入韧性理论，提出一种施工安全韧性评价方法。首先对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性的概念进行分析，结合PSR(PressureState-Response)模型，建立青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性PSR模型，在此基础上，通过系统性文献综述法和专家调查法识别并筛选指标，建立了包含3个一级指标和26个二级指标的青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性评价指标体系；其次，基于博弈论原理，运用区间层次分析法和反熵权法，求得指标最优组合权重，并运用可拓云综合评价模型，将定量与定性分析相结合，对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性进行评价；最后，对青藏高原地区某富水冰碛隧道的施工安全韧性进行了实例分析，并从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标三方面提出韧性提升建议。研究结果表明：该隧道施工安全韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），其中压力指标的韧性等级为2级（较低韧性），状态指标的韧性等级为4级（较高韧性），响应指标的韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），说明该隧道施工过程中受到压力因素的影响较为严重，但施工系统自身完善有效的措施方案，能在很大程度上...

为提高隧道施工安全水平，解决当前青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工中安全隐患大、事故频发的问题，引入韧性理论，提出一种施工安全韧性评价方法。首先对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性的概念进行分析，结合PSR(PressureState-Response)模型，建立青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性PSR模型，在此基础上，通过系统性文献综述法和专家调查法识别并筛选指标，建立了包含3个一级指标和26个二级指标的青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性评价指标体系；其次，基于博弈论原理，运用区间层次分析法和反熵权法，求得指标最优组合权重，并运用可拓云综合评价模型，将定量与定性分析相结合，对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性进行评价；最后，对青藏高原地区某富水冰碛隧道的施工安全韧性进行了实例分析，并从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标三方面提出韧性提升建议。研究结果表明：该隧道施工安全韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），其中压力指标的韧性等级为2级（较低韧性），状态指标的韧性等级为4级（较高韧性），响应指标的韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），说明该隧道施工过程中受到压力因素的影响较为严重，但施工系统自身完善有效的措施方案，能在很大程度上...

为提高隧道施工安全水平，解决当前青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工中安全隐患大、事故频发的问题，引入韧性理论，提出一种施工安全韧性评价方法。首先对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性的概念进行分析，结合PSR(PressureState-Response)模型，建立青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性PSR模型，在此基础上，通过系统性文献综述法和专家调查法识别并筛选指标，建立了包含3个一级指标和26个二级指标的青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性评价指标体系；其次，基于博弈论原理，运用区间层次分析法和反熵权法，求得指标最优组合权重，并运用可拓云综合评价模型，将定量与定性分析相结合，对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性进行评价；最后，对青藏高原地区某富水冰碛隧道的施工安全韧性进行了实例分析，并从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标三方面提出韧性提升建议。研究结果表明：该隧道施工安全韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），其中压力指标的韧性等级为2级（较低韧性），状态指标的韧性等级为4级（较高韧性），响应指标的韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），说明该隧道施工过程中受到压力因素的影响较为严重，但施工系统自身完善有效的措施方案，能在很大程度上...

为提高隧道施工安全水平，解决当前青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工中安全隐患大、事故频发的问题，引入韧性理论，提出一种施工安全韧性评价方法。首先对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性的概念进行分析，结合PSR(PressureState-Response)模型，建立青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性PSR模型，在此基础上，通过系统性文献综述法和专家调查法识别并筛选指标，建立了包含3个一级指标和26个二级指标的青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性评价指标体系；其次，基于博弈论原理，运用区间层次分析法和反熵权法，求得指标最优组合权重，并运用可拓云综合评价模型，将定量与定性分析相结合，对青藏高原富水冰碛隧道施工安全韧性进行评价；最后，对青藏高原地区某富水冰碛隧道的施工安全韧性进行了实例分析，并从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标三方面提出韧性提升建议。研究结果表明：该隧道施工安全韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），其中压力指标的韧性等级为2级（较低韧性），状态指标的韧性等级为4级（较高韧性），响应指标的韧性等级为3级（中等韧性），说明该隧道施工过程中受到压力因素的影响较为严重，但施工系统自身完善有效的措施方案，能在很大程度上...

In this study, advanced image processing technology is used to analyze the three-dimensional sand composite image, and the topography features of sand particles are successfully extracted and saved as high-quality image files. These image files were then trained using the latent diffusion model (LDM) to generate a large number of sand particles with real morphology, which were then applied to numerical studies. The effects of particle morphology on the macroscopic mechanical behavior and microscopic energy evolution of sand under complex stress paths were studied in detail, combined with the circular and elliptical particles widely used in current tests. The results show that with the increase of the irregularity of the sample shape, the cycle period and radius of the closed circle formed by the partial strain curve gradually decrease, and the center of the circle gradually shifts. In addition, the volume strain and liquefaction strength of sand samples increase with the increase of particle shape irregularity. It is particularly noteworthy that obvious vortex structures exist in the positions near the center where deformation is severe in the samples of circular and elliptical particles. However, such structures are difficult to be directly observed in sample with irregular particles. This phenomenon reveals the influence of particle morphology on the complexity of the mechanical behavior of sand, providing us with new insights into the understanding of the response mechanism of sand soil under complex stress conditions. (c) 2024 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

The vertical temperature distribution in the permanently shaded region (PSR) has a significant impact on the temporal and spatial distribution of the cold trap. To obtain the vertical temperature profile of the PSR, an inversion method that fuses microwave and infrared brightness temperature (TB) data is proposed. In the inversion process, the infrared data were initially used to derive the optimal value of the H-parameter that controls the density profile. Subsequently, high-frequency (37 and 19.35 GHz) microwave TB data were used to ascertain the range of surface density, whereas low-frequency (3 GHz) microwave TB data were used to determine the range of bottom density. A fixed correction was applied to the 3-GHz brightness temperature data to account for the calibration error. Due to the inherent uncertainties associated with the thermal model, both the Hayne and Woods' models were used in the inversion process, yielding disparate results. The PSR in the Haworth impact crater was selected as a case study for the inversion. The Woods' model was found to provide a superior explanation for the microwave observation. The optimal surface density of the PSR of the Haworth crater was determined to be within the range of 1200-1300 kg m(-3), while the bottom density was within the range of 2100-2200 kg m(-3). The inverted vertical temperature distribution in the PSR of Haworth crater indicates that the depth of the cold trap can reach approximately 8.5 m. In addition, the impact of heat flow on microwave TB is discussed.

Lunar exploration has attracted considerable attention, with the lunar poles emerging as the next exploration hot spot for the cold trapping of volatiles in the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) at these poles. Remote sensing via the satellite's optical load is one of the most important ways to get the scientific data of PSRs. However, the illumination conditions at the lunar poles are quite different from the low latitude areas and how to get appropriate optical signal remains challenging. Thus, simulation of the optical remote sensing process, which provides reference for the choice of satellites' imaging parameters to ensure the implementation of lunar exploration project, is of great value. In this article, an optical imaging chain modeling for the PSRs at the lunar south pole, which includes lunar 3-D topography, observing satellite's orbit, instrument's parameters, and other environmental parameters, has been built. To demonstrate the physical accuracy, some PSRs' observations acquired by narrow angle cameras (NACs) equipped on the lunar reconnaissance orbiter (LRO) are compared with the corresponding images simulated by the proposed imaging chain model. The digital value's difference between the simulated images and real captured images is generally less than 50 for 12-bit images ranging from 0 to 4095, indicating a good fit considering the uncertainty of soil's absolute reflectance and the noise in the real captured images. In addition, the impact of the imaging chain's parameters is revealed with the proposed algorithm. The simulation method will provide reference and assist future optical imaging of PSRs.

The lunar poles potentially contain vast quantities of water ice. The water ice is of interest due to its capability to answer scientific questions regarding the Solar System's water reservoir and its potential as a useable space resource for the creation of a sustainable cislunar economy. The lunar polar water ice exists in extremely harsh conditions under vacuum at temperatures as low as 40 K. Therefore, finding the most effective technique for extracting this water ice is an important aspect of ascertaining the suitability of lunar water as an economically viable space resource. Based on previous work, this study investigates the impact of the different possible arrangements of icy regolith in the lunar polar environment on the suitability of microwave heating as a water extraction technique. Three arrangements of icy regolith analogues were created: permafrost, fine granular, and coarse granular. The samples were created to a mass of 40 g, using the lunar highlands simulant LHS-1, and a target water content of 5 wt %. The samples were processed in a microwave heating unit using 250 W, 2.45 GHz microwave energy for 60 min. The quantity of water extracted was determined by measuring the sample mass change in real-time during microwave heating and the sample mass before and after heating. The permafrost, fine granular, and coarse granular samples had extraction ratios of 92 %, 83 %, and 97 %, respectively. Possible explanations for the observed variations seen in the mass loss profiles of the respective samples are provided, including explanations for the differences between samples of varying ice morphology (permafrost and granular) and the differences between samples with varying ice surface areas (fine and coarse granular). While differences were observed, microwave heating effectively extracted water in all the samples and remains an effective ISRU technique for extracting water from icy lunar regolith. Differences in the water extraction of different icy regolith could be useful in determining the arrangement of ice in buried samples.