To investigate the mechanical characteristics of frozen silty clay under complex stress paths, using the true triaxial instrument for permafrost, tests were carried out under triaxial compressive and plane strain stress states using the true triaxial instrument for permafrost to analyze deformation characteristics and strength evolution law under different stress paths and minor principal stresses (sigma(3)) and establish strength criterion under plane strain conditions. PFC3D numerical simulation results were compared to test results and meso-crack evolution law was discussed. The results showed that stress-strain curves were characterized by strain hardening. Destructive strength showed a gradual increase with the increase of sigma(3) and the values obtained from plane strain tests were higher than those of triaxial compression tests. Volume strains basically showed shear shrinkage characteristics and all sigma(3) directions were expansion deformation. Strength at damage under plane strain state was approximated based on generalized Mises and Lade-Duncan plane strain strength criterion using generalized plane strain strength criterion. Stress-strain curves obtained from numerical simulation tests in PFC3D basically agreed well with those obtained from indoor test results. The number of tensile and shear cracks in the developed numerical model under various stress paths were increased with generalized shear strain.

根据冻结壁的实际受力状态，开展不同初始条件下的冻土真三轴试验，分析中主应力系数（b）对冻结砂土强度和变形特性的影响规律；借助PFC3D数值模拟软件，研究颗粒间的法向接触力大小和分布规律，弥补了室内试验无法直接观察试件内部颗粒间相互作用力分布的不足，为揭示中主应力系数对冻结砂土的强度影响机理提供细观层面上的数据支撑。试验结果表明：当中主应力逐步接近大主应力时，各主应力方向呈现出不同的破坏模式；冻结砂土在中主应力方向的变形由膨胀向压缩转变，该方向的纵波波速先增大后减小；小主应力方向的膨胀变形显著增大，且纵波波速逐步减小；基于应力叠加原理和泊松效应分析了冻结砂土在水平方向的变形差异机制；数值模拟得到的理论曲线与试验应力-应变曲线基本符合，数值模拟所得破坏形态也与室内试验基本一致；随着b值的增大，中主应力方向的法向接触力逐步增大，而小主应力方向略微减小；冻结砂土在不同小主应力、负温、含水率条件下的强度均呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势，当b=0.5～0.6时达到峰值；融合应力-应变曲线、破坏形态、纵波波速、力链分布特征等多源信息揭示了中主应力对冻结砂土的强度影响机理。

根据冻结壁的实际受力状态，开展不同初始条件下的冻土真三轴试验，分析中主应力系数（b）对冻结砂土强度和变形特性的影响规律；借助PFC3D数值模拟软件，研究颗粒间的法向接触力大小和分布规律，弥补了室内试验无法直接观察试件内部颗粒间相互作用力分布的不足，为揭示中主应力系数对冻结砂土的强度影响机理提供细观层面上的数据支撑。试验结果表明：当中主应力逐步接近大主应力时，各主应力方向呈现出不同的破坏模式；冻结砂土在中主应力方向的变形由膨胀向压缩转变，该方向的纵波波速先增大后减小；小主应力方向的膨胀变形显著增大，且纵波波速逐步减小；基于应力叠加原理和泊松效应分析了冻结砂土在水平方向的变形差异机制；数值模拟得到的理论曲线与试验应力-应变曲线基本符合，数值模拟所得破坏形态也与室内试验基本一致；随着b值的增大，中主应力方向的法向接触力逐步增大，而小主应力方向略微减小；冻结砂土在不同小主应力、负温、含水率条件下的强度均呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势，当b=0.5～0.6时达到峰值；融合应力-应变曲线、破坏形态、纵波波速、力链分布特征等多源信息揭示了中主应力对冻结砂土的强度影响机理。

Fault fracture zones, characterized by high weathering, low strength, and a high degree of fragmentation, are common adverse geological phenomena encountered in tunneling projects. This paper performed a series of large-scale triaxial compression tests on the cohesive soil-rock mixture (SRM) samples with dimensions of 500 mm x 1000 mm to investigate the influence of rock content P-BV (20, 40, and 60% by volume), rock orientation angle alpha, and confining pressure on their macro-mechanical properties. Furthermore, a triaxial numerical model, which takes into account P-BV and alpha, was constructed by means of PFC3D to investigate the evolution of the mechanical properties of the cohesive SRM. The results indicated that (1) the influence of the alpha is significant at high confining pressures. For the sample with an alpha of 0 degrees, shear failure was inhibited, and the rock blocks tended to break more easily, while the samples with an alpha of 30 degrees and 60 degrees exhibited fewer fragmentations. (2) P-BV significantly affected the shear behaviors of the cohesive SRM. The peak deviatoric stress of the sample with an alpha of 0 degrees was minimized at lower P-BV (60%). Based on these findings, an equation correlating shear strength and P-BV was proposed under consistent alpha and matrix strength conditions. This equation effectively predicts the shear strength of the cohesive SRM with different P-BV values.

To overcome large deformation of deep phosphate rock roadways and pillar damage, a new type of constant-resistance large-deformation negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) bolt that can withstand a high pre-stress of at least 130 KN was developed. In the conducted tests, the amount of deformation was 200-2000 mm, the breaking force reached 350 KN, and a high constant-resistance pre-stress was maintained during the deformation process. A stress compensation theory of phosphate rock excavation based on NPR bolts is proposed together with a balance system for bolt compensation of the time-space effect and high NPR pre-stress. Traditional split-set rock bolts are unable to maintain the stability of roadway roofs and pillars. To verify the support effect of the proposed bolt, field tests were conducted using both the proposed NPR bolts and split-set rock bolts as support systems on the same mining face. In addition, the stress compensation mechanism of roadway mining was simulated using the particle flow code in three dimensions (PFC3D)-fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC(3D)) particle-flow coupling numerical model. On-site monitoring and numerical simulations showed that the NPR excavation compensation support scheme effectively improves the stress state of the bolts and reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock. Compared to the original support scheme, the final deformation of the surrounding rock was reduced by approximately 70%. These results significantly contribute to domestic and foreign research on phosphate-rock NPR compensation support technology, theoretical systems, and engineering practices, and further promote technological innovation in the phosphate rock mining industry. (c) 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Owing to the high strength and abrasive characteristics of cobble-boulders, cutters are easily worn and damaged during shield tunneling, making construction inefficient. In the present work, the stress on the ripper and scraper on the cutterhead was analyzed by the PFC3D-FLAC3D coupling model of shield tunneling to get insight into the performance of the cutterhead for cutting underground cobble and boulders. The numerical calculation results revealed that the increase in trajectory radius leads to a rising stress on the cutters, and the stress on the front cutting surface is greater than that on the back of the cutters. Moreover, the correlation between cutter wear and stress is revealed based on field measurement data. The distribution of the cutter stress is consistent with the cutter wear and breakage characteristics in actual construction, in which more extensive cutter stress is exhibited, extreme cutter wear appears, and more cutter breakage occurs. Finally, the relationship between the cutterhead opening area's layout and cutter wear distribution was investigated, indicating that the cutter wear extent is the most severe in the region where the radial opening ratio dropped sharply.

Water and sand leakage disasters are likely to occur during construction in water-rich sand layer areas, resulting in ground collapse. The stress-strain action characteristics of discontinuous graded sand under different internal erosion degrees, and the evolution mechanism of water and sand leakage disasters caused by the internal erosion need to be further explored. Therefore, this paper takes the discontinuous graded sand in a water rich sand layer area in Nanchang City of China as the research object. Considering the influence of different fine particle losses (0, 10%, 20% and 30%) under the internal erosion of sand, the salt solution method is used to realize the specified loss of fine particles in the internal erosion. The stress-strain behavior after the loss of fine particles due to internal erosion is studied by triaxial shear test. Meanwhile, the physical model test and PFC-CFD method are both used to study the evolution rules of water and sand leakage disaster considered the influence of internal erosion degrees. Results show that: (1) under the same confining pressure, the peak failure strength of sand samples decreases along with the increase of fine particle loss. (2) In the water and sand leakage test of saturated sand, a natural filter channel is formed above the observed soil arch. The greater the loss of fine particles, the steeper and wider the collapse settlement area. (3) The relationship between the cumulative amount of water and sand leakage and time is nonlinear. The total mass loss of sand increases along with the increase of internal erosion degree. (4) After the soil arch is formed around the damaged opening, the sand continues to converge above the soil arch under the action of water flow, resulting in the dense convergence of contact force chains.

冰崩作为冰冻圈最具灾难性的地质灾害之一，具有运动过程复杂、预测难度高、致灾后果严重等特点。2016年7月17日和9月21日在西藏阿里地区发生了两起巨型冰崩-碎屑流事件，对当地居民生命财产安全以及生态环境造成了严重危害，利用PFC3D反演了这两次冰崩-碎屑流运动过程，在此基础上对周边区域潜在冰崩隐患进行了预测模拟研究。结果表明：（1）两次冰崩-碎屑流运动时间分别为300 s和240 s，颗粒平均速度峰值分别为32.05 m/s和34.80 m/s，第一次冰崩入湖体积约为8.47×10～6 m3;（2）前后部分的能量传递是冰崩-碎屑流产生高速远程运动的关键机制；（3）预测阿汝85号冰川（冰崩隐患）发生冰崩后形成的西北侧主堆积区面积约为1.1 km2，东北侧小堆积区面积约为0.3 km2，危险区面积共计3.28 km2；该成果对于青藏高原的冰崩防灾减灾工作具有一定科学价值和现实意义。