The current work gives a snapshot of pesticide residuals, their exposure levels, and the associated potential risks of some organophosphates in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. The study has significant viewpoints on food safety and pesticide management. The pesticide residual analysis was carried out on two commonly used vegetables, tomato and brinjal. The QuEChERS method is used to extract pesticides and GC-MS/SIM analyses were used to quantify pesticide residues. Among the various samples tested, organophosphorus pesticides, such as Phorate Sulfoxide, Chlorpyrifos, and Malathion, were detected in some samples. In the majority of brinjal samples analyzed, no pesticide residues were detected. However, one sample showed the presence of malathion (0.001 mg/kg). The detected level of malathion was within the acceptable safety limits, indicating that the sample is safe for consumption. Nevertheless, in one of the tomato samples tested, the residual level of phorate sulfoxide (0.34 mg/kg) is found to be higher than the MRL with a health risk index of 2.79. Except for phorate sulfoxide, all the other pesticide residuals were within MRL. Phorate residues with a soil half-life of 2 to 173 days are readily water soluble and may leach easily into groundwater, adversely affecting human health. The dietary risk of phorate can also put people at increased health risks of reproductive harm, endocrine system disruption, neurological damage, and an increased risk of certain cancers. The study's outcome suggests the need to review the strict guidelines imposed on using unsafe pesticides. Also, future investigations are necessary to validate the presence of other toxic pesticides in the study area.

The extensive use of pesticides has led to the contamination of natural resources, sometimes causing significant and irreversible damage to the environment and human health. Even though the use of many pesticides is banned, these compounds are still being found in rivers worldwide. In this review, 205 documents have been selected to provide an overview of pesticide contamination in rivers over the last 10 years (2014-2024). After these documents were examined, information of 47 river systems was organized according to the types of pesticides most frequently detected, including organochloride, organophosphorus, and pyrethroid compounds. A total of 156 compounds were classified, showing that 46% of these rivers contain organochlorine compounds, while 40% exhibit organophosphorus pesticides. Aldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane, and endosulfan were the predominant organochlorine pesticides with concentration values between 0.4 and 37 x 105 ng L-1. Chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon were the main organophosphorus pesticides with concentrations between 1 and 11 x 105 ng L-1. Comparing the pesticide concentrations with standard guidelines, we found that the Ganga River in India (90 ng L-1), the Owan and Okura Rivers in Nigeria (210 and 9 x 103 ng L-1), and the Dong Nai River in Vietnam (68 ng L-1) exceed the permissible levels of aldrin (30 ng L-1).

As a major alternative to the brominated flame retardants, the production and use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasing. And tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), one of the most widely used OPFRs, is now commonly found in a variety of products, such as building materials, furniture, bedding, electronic equipment, and baby products. TDCPP does not readily degrade in the water and tends to accumulate continuously in the environment. It has been detected in indoor dust, air, water, soil, and human samples. Considered as an emerging environmental pollutant, increasing studies have demonstrated its adverse effects on environmental organisms and human beings, with the nerve system identified as a sensitive target organ. This paper systematically summarized the progress of TDCPP application and its current exposure in the environment, with a focus on its neurotoxicity. In particular, we highlighted that TDCPP can be neurotoxic (including neurodevelopmentally toxic) to humans and animals, primarily through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and epigenetic regulation. Additionally, this paper provided an outlook for further studies on neurotoxicity of TDCPP, as well as offered scientific evidence and clues for rational application of TDCPP in daily life and the prevention and control of its environmental impact in the future.