Industrial wastes cause damage to the environment and pose a threat to public health. The utilization of industrial wastes is inevitable if a circular economy needs to be achieved. Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a potential engineering material that can be used in many civil engineering works. The volume change behavior of a CKD is reported here. One-dimensional swelling and compression tests were carried out on CKD specimens to derive the compressibility parameters and coefficient of permeability. A cyclic wet-freeze-thaw-dry test was carried out to study the volume change of the material upon exposure to various seasonal climatic processes under a low surcharge pressure. The experimental results show that CKD can exhibit swelling under light loads. The correlations between plasticity properties and compressibility parameters that are applicable to fine-grained soils were found to overestimate the parameters of the CKD. The magnitudes of frost heave and thaw settlement were found to be significant, with an uprising type of movement accompanied by strain accumulation when the material was taken through several wet-freeze-thaw-dry cycles.

This study investigated the physical and mechanical properties of Malaysian kaolin clay treated with cement using unconfined compression strength and Oedometer tests. The objective was to simulate the actual conditions of soil-cement column installation employing the deep soil mixing method with cement slurry over a 180-day period. Cement content varied between 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. To ensure homogeneous mixing and workability, water content was maintained between the liquid limit and twice the liquid limit. Results indicated that increasing cement content enhanced the unconfined shear strength and elasticity modulus of the stabilized soil while decreasing water content after curing. Consolidation tests revealed a diminishing slope of the void ratio curve with increasing cement content and curing time. This study further introduced precise correlations between the void ratio and compression characteristics of cement-stabilized clay, achieving high accuracy. Additionally, the research conclusively demonstrated a robust linear correlation (R2 = 0.99) between unconfined compressive strength and consolidation yield pressure.