The global wide threatening problem is the pollution, especially water and soil pollution are biggest threats to our people. The pollution not only damages the resources but also enters the ecosystem and impairs our health. The pollution disfigures the fertility of the soil and contaminates the groundwater table which is the most reliable source of all living organisms. Due to urbanization of people and scarcity of the water resources, the people rely on the groundwater for the domestic and drinking needs. Earlier researches include the bioremediation and physico-chemical mechanisms in removal of toxic/heavy metals from water but still faced several post-treatment issues. The advancement in science and technology paved a path as nanotechnology to overcome these problems. In this current investigation, the CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized from endophytic fungal strain and characterized which were previously reported. The groundwater samples were collected near, in, and around of the garbage-dump site of Vellalore-Kurichi village, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; three areas were selected, and water samples were collected. The basic physico-chemical parameters such as BOD, COD, TDS, hardness, pH, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, and heavy metal(s) of the collected samples were analyzed. The adsorption studies were initiated with three different concentrations of CuONPs and ZnONPs in 100 mL of polluted groundwater samples, and the kinetics was started with 0th min and extended till 180 min. The adsorption rate increased with the increase in time; the CuONPs and ZnONPs adsorbed the few pollutants that also included arsenic (V) effectively. The nanoremediated samples were further taken to determine the effectiveness in aiding the plant growth promotion, and this was executed in Trigonella sp. plants. The plants were grown well which was compared to the control plants, and the phytochemical assessment was carried out. The presence of phytochemicals of the plants grown in nanoremediated samples was similar to that of control plants. Further, the CuONPs and ZnONPs have the ability in remediating the pollutants/contaminants in the groundwater.

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has led to unprecedented innovations across diverse industries, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, cosmetics, electronics, textiles, and food, owing to the unique properties of nanoparticles. The extensive production and unregulated release of synthetic nanoparticles may contribute to nanopollution within the ecosystem. In the agricultural sector, nanotechnology is increasingly utilized to improve plant productivity, enhance resistance to stressors, and reduce the usage of chemicals. However, the uncontrolled discharge of nanoparticles into the natural environment raises concerns regarding possible plant toxicological impacts. The review focuses on the translocation of these particles within the plants, emphasizing their phytotoxicological effects at morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Eventhough the beneficial aspects of these nanoparticles are evident, excessive usage of nanoparticles at higher concentrations may lead to potential adverse effects. The phytotoxicity resulting from excessive amounts of nanoparticles affects seed germination and biomass production, disrupts the photosynthesis system, induces oxidative stress, impacts cell membrane integrity, alters gene expression, causes DNA damage, and leads to epigenetic variations in plants. Nanoparticles are found to directly associate with the cell membrane and cell organelles, leading to the dissolution and release of toxic ions, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress. The present study signifies and accumulates knowledge regarding the application of nanoparticles in agriculture and illustrates a clear picture of their possible impacts on plants and soil microbes, thereby paving the way for future developments in nano-agrotechnology. The review concludes by addressing current challenges and proposing future directions to comprehend and mitigate the possible biological risks associated with nanoparticles in agriculture.