Seismicity resulting from the near- or in-field fault activation significantly affects the stability of largescale underground caverns that are operating under high-stress conditions. A comprehensive scientific assessment of the operational safety of such caverns requires an in-depth understanding of the response characteristics of the rock mass subjected to dynamic disturbances. To address this issue, we conducted true triaxial modeling tests and dynamic numerical simulations on large underground caverns to investigate the impact of static stress levels, dynamic load parameters, and input directions on the response characteristics of the surrounding rock mass. The findings reveal that: (1) When subjected to identical incident stress waves and static loads, the surrounding rock mass exhibits the greatest stress response during horizontal incidence. When the incident direction is fixed, the mechanical response is more pronounced at the cavern wall parallel to the direction of dynamic loading. (2) A high initial static stress level specifically enhances the impact of dynamic loading. (3) The response of the surrounding rock mass is directly linked to the amplitude of the incident stress wave. High amplitude results in tensile damage in regions experiencing tensile stress concentration under static loading and shear damage in regions experiencing compressive stress concentration. These results have significant implications for the evaluation and prevention of dynamic disasters in the surrounding rock of underground caverns experiencing dynamic disturbances. (c) 2025 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).

This paper presents a series of results of landslide model experiments with different rainfall conditions, including the observation of progressive failure on the slope surface, pore water pressure, and soil pressure inside the body. The influence of intermittent and continuous rainfall on the stability of homogenous slope is discussed. On this basis, we construct a numerical model in FLAC(3D) to reproduce the process of model tests. Different rainfall factors that affected the stability of landslide are analyzed along with the model test results. The pore water pressure and soil pressure in the slope increase in proportion with rainfall under both rainfall conditions. The descend order of pore water pressure growth rate is slope middle, slope top, and slope toe. Compared with the pore water pressure in the middle slope under different conditions, the value of intermittent rainfall test is 21.9% higher than that of the continuous rainfall test. On the one hand, pore water pressure exhibits a cumulative effect under the intermittent rainfall condition. On the other hand, pore water pressure, horizontal tensile stress, and maximum displacement increase proportionally with the rainfall intensity under the same rainfall condition. The rainfall with low rainfall intensity is more likely to form infiltration in slope, whereas the high rainfall intensity one has obvious influence on the slope stress field. When the rainfall intensity reaches 30 mm/h, the increase in rainfall intensity can no longer affect the horizontal stress distribution of the slope significantly. Instead, it shows a greater impact on the failure mode of the slope, and the erosion occurs on the surface of the slope.