A non-linear simulation of a shallow buried cut-and-cover tunnel exposed to extreme surface blast conditions was performed utilizing finite element-based dynamic explicit analysis. The Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model was employed to simulate the soil, the concrete damaged plasticity model depicted the behavior of concrete, and the Johnson-Cook model was utilized for the steel reinforcement. The conventional weapons blast function simulated the trinitrotoluene charge weight. The parametric simulations encompassed four vehicular explosions, two soil types, the inclusion of sheet pile walls, and variable depth-to-height ratios (d/h) of the tunnel. The investigation focused on mitigation through the application of an energy-absorbing material, specifically steel-fiber-reinforced concrete. Results showed that the displacement of the upper slab escalates with an increase in charge weight. The existence of a sheet pile wall enhances the structure's stiffness, resulting in increased displacement and tensile damage, but the displacement of the top slab diminishes as the d/h ratio escalates. The extent of damage has been noted to decrease with an increase in the d/h ratio, or cover thickness. These findings underscore the significance of structural configuration and mitigation strategies in reducing the impact of surface blasts on cut-and-cover tunnels.

The vibrations generated by metro operations can cause structural damage and discomfort to occupants adjacent to the metro lines. In this study, a multigrid fully coupled method of metro vehicle-track-station-soil-building systems is proposed to predict and assess building vibrations before construction. This approach facilitates the efficient calculation of the fully coupled system, while ensuring precise simulations through the utilization of multigrid techniques for wheel-rail contact, track, station, soil, and building components. Using the newly built opera theatre along Beijing metro line 4 as a case, the study demonstrates that the multigrid fully coupled model can predict the dynamics characteristics of metro-induced vibrations and distribution with high accuracy compared with the field tests. Specifically, it was found that metro operations could result in vibrations exceeding specified limits in the opera theatre, particularly at 10 similar to 40 Hz (the building's natural frequency) and 60 similar to 80 Hz (the main frequency band of vibration caused by the metro). Finally, the mechanism of excessive vibration and the effectiveness of targeted vibration mitigation measures were analyzed with the proposed method. These findings have promising implications for wider applications in environmental assessments and control strategies for new metro lines or vibration-sensitive buildings. Graphical Abstract

Narmada valley development authority proposed a scheme under, which 12.6 cumecs of water from the Hathani River (Tributary of Narmada) will be lifted to irrigate the command area. At the pumping station lies near Alirajpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. There was a need to protect the slope on both sides as water thrust from the upstream side may lead to failure of the slope. This paper presents the stability analysis of the slope using the GEO5 software. It was observed that the terrain at the site was a mixture of soil and rocks. The unit weight of the rock and backfill soil observed was 21 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3. Using numerous techniques factor of safety was calculated for the particular slope, and it was observed that a suitable mitigation measure needs to be provided to prevent the failure of the slope. The inclusion of a gabion retaining wall increased the slope's safety factor significantly. The proposed mitigation measure was executed at the site, and the completed wall has not shown any damage till date. The analysis of the slope's stability results, as well as its construction of the gabion retaining wall recommended as a protective measure, are presented in this work.

The problems of gully and soil erosion caused by large-scale urban construction and agricultural development in China have become more and more serious in recent years. In an effort to solve this problem, a series of gully stabilization and highland protection projects have been carried out on the Loess Plateau, and this has resulted in a large number of high-loess-filled-slopes (HLFSs). Although these filled slopes uses several different mitigation measures, the HLFSs have been eroded and destroyed under the action of water. In order to study the influence of different mitigation measures on the stability of HLFSs and their failure process, this paper uses a flume test of the effects of various mitigation measures on this failure process. The results show that: (1) the failure processes of slopes with different mitigation measures are obviously different. Slope deformation u with a declining gradient mitigation mainly occurs on the surface of the slope body, and although slope erosion is quite serious, the slope does not fail as a whole. Slopes with a stepwise drainage channel mitigation show little erosion, but material can easily slide along the horizontal drainage channels. (2) The slope deformation process is correlated with changes in pore-water pressure. When local instability occurs, there is always a pre-process of continuously rising pore-water pressure. When a failure occurs, the pore-water pressure of the soil at each position of the slope body suddenly fluctuates under instantaneous excitation. (3) The response of soil pore pressure and the development characteristics of tension cracks affect the deformation of the slopes, which is also the cause of the differences slope instability caused by different mitigation measures. These research results provide reference for the protection of HLFS engineering projects from heavy rains.

This paper presents a case study of the clogging of a slurry-shield tunnel-boring machine (TBM) experienced during tunnel operations in clay-rich argillaceous siltstones under the Ganjiang River, China. The clogging experienced during tunneling was due to special geological conditions, which had a considerably negative impact on the slurry-shield TBM tunneling performance. In this case study, the effect of clogging on the slurry-shield TBM tunneling performance (e.g., advance speed, thrust, torque, and penetration per revolution) was fully investigated. The potential for clogging during tunnel operations in argillaceous siltstone was estimated using an existing empirical classification chart. Many improvement measures have been proposed to mitigate the clogging potential of two slurry-shield TBMs during tunneling, such as the use of an optimum cutting wheel, a replacement cutting tool, improvements to the circulation flushing system and slurry properties, mixed support integrating slurry, and compressed air to support the excavation face. The mechanisms and potential causes of clogging are explained in detail, and the contributions of these mitigation measures to tunneling performance are discussed. By investigating the actual operational parameters of the slurry-shield TBMs, these mitigation measures were proven to be effective in mitigating the clogging potential of slurry-shield TBMs. This case study provides valuable information for slurry-shield TBMs involving tunneling in clay-rich sedimentary rocks.