Profenofos is one of the most widely used toxic organophosphate insecticides used in crop fields against various insect pests. The pesticide may spread into the environment through various sources, such as air, water, soil, etc. Therefore, there is a high risk of ingestion for animals and aquatic fauna. The present study aimed to assess the profenofos-induced hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and haematological abnormalities of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus, which can indicate the probable threat of this pesticide to other species, including humans. Freshwater fish Channa punctatus were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of Profenofos (0.078 and 0.157 mg/L). After 7 days of consecutive exposure, changes in haematological parameters, hepatic tissue histology, and genotoxic effects were evaluated. The total count of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and haemoglobin (Hb) % was done. Along with the histological changes in hepatic tissues, genotoxic studies were also carried out. The study showed that profenofos induces different changes in the liver's haematology and histology and nuclear abnormalities in the erythrocytes of treated fish. The results indicate significant differences in RBC and Hb%, whereas marked elevations in WBC count were recorded. The histopathological study of the liver in the treated fish revealed some substantial changes like cell damage, distorted cell shape, vacuolations, etc. Some significant genotoxic effects of profenofos in the erythrocytes were observed, such as the induction of micronuclei, lobed nuclei, irregular-shaped nuclei, notched nuclei, and distorted nuclei. The results were statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level. The study explores the toxic effects of pesticides on the overall health of the fish species. Moreover, the study tried to focus on making decisions about using a tolerable prescribed dose of chemicals to minimize the risk of pesticides. People will also learn that the contamination of the insecticide profenofos is harmful to the aquatic ecosystem, and therefore indiscriminate measures should be avoided.

Space rockets are regularly launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The ecological impact of territories affected by the consequences of space rocket activities on the environment is a significant concern. On July 27, 2006, the Dnepr rocket was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, resulting in an abnormal situation and its emergency fall. The rocket fuel components, heptyl, and amyl, led to decontamination and reclamation activities. However, the self-restoration of soil and vegetation cover is currently in the earliest stages. Consequently, an assessment of the remote consequences of the accidental fall of the Dnepr launch vehicle for environmental objects was conducted. The study involved eco-toxicological characterization of habitat conditions, assessment of species diversity, determination of key morphophenetic indicators, and the genetic status of indicator species as the main parameters. The results revealed an increased level of genotoxicity in soils at the accident site. While there were deviations from the norm in some morphophenetic and cytogenetic parameters in indicator animals, they were not critical for their existence in this territory. Possibly, at the physiological level, they exhibit a high enough adaptation potential and compensatory mechanism.

BACKGROUND Informal electronic waste (e -waste) reprocessing in Nigeria is reportedly substantial in Africa, putting the growing exposed population at high risk of metal toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the existence of chromosomal aberration in the growing e -waste exposed populations in Nigeria, using induction of micronuclei (MN) expression in peripheral blood as an indicator. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 632 consenting participants were recruited from South-West Nigeria, consisting of 381 e -waste workers (EWW), 120 environmental e -waste exposed participants (EEP) and 131 age -matched unexposed participants (UP) serving as controls. A validated structured questionnaire was used to assess exposure pattern while frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE)/1000PCE in peripheral blood film was determined by modified micronucleus assay. RESULTS A duration of exposure of >= 5 years and exposure frequency >= 6 hours/day; 6 days/week (9360 hours in any 5year duration) was observed in both EWW and EEP. Routes of exposure observed in EWW entailed eyes, oral cavity, nasal cavity and skin. EWW that used personal protective equipment (PPE) while working was barely 10.24% while non -PPE users constituted the majority (89.76%) of the studied population. Frequency of MNPCE)/1000PCE in EWW (22.70 +/- 0.15) was significantly higher than in EEP (4.17 +/- 0.28), which in turn was significantly higher than the lowest frequency (0.99 +/- 0.76) observed in UP (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The observed exposure pattern and the comparatively higher MN induction in the e -waste populations may suggest risk of significant cytogenetic damage and aberrant chromosomal changes associated with occupational e -waste reprocessing in Nigeria.