With its advantages of high efficiency, high selectivity and broad spectrum, diphenyl ether herbicides have become a class of herbicides with a wide range of applications, numerous types and huge amounts of use worldwide. The massive and unregulated use of diphenyl ether herbicides has led to their accumulation in soil and water bodies, altering the structure of soil microbial communities and causing huge economic losses by causing damage to sensitive crops in subsequent crops. Meanwhile, it will also accumulate in the food chain, inducing potential hazards to non-target organisms such as aquatic animals and human beings. Therefore, the importance of developing green removal strategies for diphenyl ether herbicides in polluted environments is increasing. Currently, microbial degradation technology has a broad application prospect due to its simple operation, safety and less likely to cause secondary pollution. A variety of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species have been found to efficiently degrade diphenyl ether herbicides, but fewer studies have been conducted on fungi and actinomycetes. Based on this, this paper summarizes the characteristics of the diphenyl ether herbicide family, the mechanism of toxicity. Microbial resources for degrading diphenyl ether herbicides, degradation pathways and the molecular biological basis of the degradation process are outlined. The aim of this paper is to have a more comprehensive understanding of diphenyl ether herbicides and to provide a research direction for in-depth study of treatment strategies for diphenyl ether herbicide residues in the real environment and discovery of more relevant biodegradable resources.

(3-Hexachlorocyclohexane ((3-HCH) is a persistent organochlorine pesticide that poses a significant threat to the ecological environment, necessitating the urgent development of effective degradation methods. Microbial degradation has demonstrated substantial potential among various bioremediation techniques due to its environmentally friendly and economical characteristics. This study evaluates the degradation capability of Enterobacter sp. CS01 on (3-HCH, its physiological responses, and its potential application in soil remediation. Under optimal conditions (pH 7, 30 degrees C), 51 % of (3-HCH was effectively removed. Metabolomics and antioxidant enzyme activity analyses revealed that CS01 defends against oxidative damage by modulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), involving butyrate, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway. CS01 converts (3-HCH into less toxic intermediates through dichloride elimination, dehalogenation of hydrogen, and hydrolysis reactions. Soil experiments indicated that soil enzyme activities (S-POD, S-DHA, S-PPO) are closely related to the degradation of (3-HCH, with the order of carbon source utilization being esters, amino acids, and sugars. This study provides new insights into the microbial degradation mechanisms of organochlorine pesticides and aids in the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly degradation technologies.

Tea is one of the most widely consumed non-alcoholic drink in the world. Green tea, black tea, white tea, and oolong tea are derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, a shrub native to China and India. It contains unique antioxidants. The most potent antioxidants may help against free radicals that can fight against cancer, heart disease, and clogged arteries. The polyphenols present in the tea help the cells from damage and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The health benefits of these compounds remarkably increase the demand for tea. Tea production is rising drastically; consequently, enormous amounts of tea waste are also generated. Improper disposal and dumping of this tea waste creates a serious problem due to the incineration and the emission of greenhouse gases. This issue can be overcome by adopting suitable technology. Effective microbial degradation and composting of tea waste will contribute to high crop production and plant disease control. The value added products from tea waste can be used in different fields. Planned tea waste valorization processes could generate more income and create rural livelihood opportunities. This review highlights the valorization processes and value-added products from tea waste. The application of value added products for energy generation, wastewater treatment, soil conditioners, adsorbents, biofertilizers, food additives, dietary supplements, animal feed bioactive chemicals, dye, colorant, phytochemicals, bioplastics, cutlery products, scope, and future directions in sustainable utilization has been reviewed. This review article will be beneficial to the researchers for acquiring an in-depth knowledge on the versatile applications of tea waste.

Production of synthetic plastic obtained from fossil fuels are considered as a constantly growing problem and lack in the management of plastic waste has led to severe microplastic pollution in the aquatic ecosystem. Plastic particles less than 5mm are termed as microplastics (MPs), these are pervasive in water and soil, it can also withstand longer period of time with high durability. It can be broken down into smaller particles and can be adsorbed by various life-forms. Most marine organisms tend to consume plastic debris that can be accumulated easily into the vertebrates, invertebrates and planktonic entities. Often these plastic particles surpass the food chain, resulting in the damage of various organs and inhibiting the uptake of food due to the accumulation of microplastics. In this review, the physical and chemical properties of microplastics, as well as their effects on the environment and toxicity of their chemical constituents are discussed. In addition, the paper also sheds light on the potential of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae which play a pivotal role in the process of microplastics degradation. The mechanism of microbial degradation, the factors that affect degradation, and the current advancements in genetic and metabolic engineering of microbes to promote degradation are also summarized. The paper also provides information on the bacterial, algal and fungal degradation mechanism including the possible enzymes involved in microplastic degradation. It also investigates the difficulties, limitations, and potential developments that may occur in the field of microbial microplastic degradation.