Seismically induced soil liquefaction was listed as one of the major causes of damage observed in the natural and built environment during the 2023 Turkiye-Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence. Reconnaissance field investigations were performed to collect perishable data and document the extent of damage immediately after the events. The sites with surface manifestations of seismic soil liquefaction in the form of soil ejecta, excessive foundation and ground deformations were identified and documented. The deformations were mapped, and samples from ejecta were retrieved. The ejecta samples were predominantly classified as sands with varying degrees of fines. Laboratory test results performed on liquefied soil ejecta revealed that the fines-containing liquefied ejecta samples are mostly classified as low plasticity clays (CL). Most of CL soil type ejecta were retrieved from Golbasi-Adiyaman region. The liquid limits of these samples varied in between 32 and 38%, their plasticity index values were estimated in the range of 16-23%. Surprisingly, two ejecta samples with plasticity indices higher than 30% were retrieved from Hatay airport, one of which was classified as high plasticity clay (CH). The majority of the fine-grained ejecta samples fall either on Zone B: Testing Recommended region of the Seed et al. (Keynote presentation, 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar, Long Beach, CA, 2003) susceptibility chart. Moreover, 12 out of 74 samples fall outside the susceptible limits defined by Seed et. These preliminary results suggest that clayey soils can produce liquefied ejecta when subjected to cyclic loading. Detailed site investigation and laboratory testing programs are ongoing to further investigate this rather unexpected response. Until their findings become available, the liquefaction susceptibility of silty-clayey soils' mixtures is recommended to be assessed conservatively with caution.

Low plasticity clays are found in abundance worldwide, exerting undue stresses on civil structures, road pavements and railway infrastructure, owing to the periodic settlement caused by their low bearing capacity and slight swelling potential. They are often encountered as natural soil when constructing road subgrade and have the potential to compromise the integrity of the entire pavement system unless improved appropriately. Furthermore, the accumulation of vast quantities of non-biodegradable glass waste is identified as a challenge in many countries. Considering the above, this paper aims to provide a sustainable solution by studying the effect of crushed glass (CG) at varied inclusions of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% in a clay subgrade. The testing procedure implemented includes three distinct testing phases, namely, material properties, microstructural properties and mechanical strength tests. The material property tests involved particle size distribution, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing. Microstructural tests considered include scanning electron microscope (SEM) and micro-CT (CT) testing, which enabled a vital understanding of how the introduction of glass affects the internal structure of the clay matrix, where an increase in the porosity was evident upon adding CG. The mechanical testing phase involved standard compaction, unconfined comprehensive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), resilient modulus and swelling-shrinkage tests. It can be concluded that introducing CG improved the clay's mechanical strength with respect to UCS, CBR and resilient modulus whilst also reducing its swelling potential, where the optimum inclusion of CG at 15% best enhanced the mechanical strength properties of the low plasticity clay.

Alternatives were explored to strengthen soils in the city of Chiclayo, Peru, especially those with low plasticity and strength. The goal was to study the mechanical properties using sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as sustainable and cost-effective reinforcements. The ash was calcined at four different temperatures, and each sample underwent an energy X-ray fluorescence test. The sample with the highest sum of oxides was mixed with clayey soil in increasing proportions, ranging from 5 to 20% by weight. Subsequently, the SCBA proportion with the best mechanical behavior was selected, combined with increasing proportions of HDPE fibers ranging from 0.25 to 1.0% by weight. The dimensions were kept constant with a length of 25 mm and a width of 15 mm. Chemical and physical stabilization techniques were applied to the study soil. The soil mixed with ash had a direct influence on compaction test parameters and soaked California bearing ratio (CBR) test, showing a significant increase of 32.08% up to 10SCBA. However, beyond this proportion, the strength decreased below the control sample. The results indicated that clay improves its behavior and strength with a ratio of 10SCBA + 0.75HDPE, resulting in a significant increase in soaked CBR of 154%. The use of the optimum dosage of ash and fiber influences in having a subgrade layer of low and high traffic volume; in addition, it minimizes contamination problems by reducing landfills and urban deposits, contributing to environmental sustainability.