Subsequent crops are often sensitive to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide residues, particularly in alkaline soils. The main objective of this study was to compare the impact of different ALS-inhibiting residual herbicides on growth of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in alkaline soil. In this regard, three experiments were conducted in Prague, Czech Republic, during 2021-2023. In spring, six herbicides (amidosulfuron, chlorsulfuron, imazamox, propoxycarbazone, pyroxsulam, sulfosulfuron) were applied at three application rates (1N - full, 0.5N - half, and 0.05N - 5 % of full). One and four months after application, half of each plot was sown with oilseed rape, and the other half was sown with sugar beet. Herbicide phytotoxicity and aboveground biomass were assessed four weeks after crop emergence. Weather conditions during experimental years, herbicides used, herbicide application rates and the period between herbicide application and crop sowing affected herbicide phytotoxicity and aboveground biomass of both crops. The most damaging effects were recorded with the application of chlorsulfuron for oilseed rape (phytotoxicity was 96-98 % at one month after 1N application) and sulfosulfuron and chlorsulfuron for sugar beet (phytotoxicity was 97-100 % and 90-100 %, respectively). Pyroxsulam caused the least damage to both the crops (average phytotoxicity was 18 %). Herbicide phytotoxicity was 3-times higher, and crop biomass was almost half as much as at the first assessment compared to the second assessment. Sugar beet was more sensitive than oilseed rape to chlorsulfuron and sulfosulfuron, especially in dry conditions, where 0.05 N rates caused biomass reduction of 20-60 % in sugar beet. Most of the tested herbicides could have residual effect that likely damages crops in rotation, particularly if a dry period occurs after the application of herbicides and/or sowing of crops.

Background: Herbicides are chemical agents that promote plant and crop growth by killing weeds and other pests. However, unconsumed and excessively used herbicides may enter groundwater and agricultural areas, damaging water, air, and soil resources. Mesotrione (MT) is an extensively used herbicide to cultivate corn, sugarcane, and vegetables. Excessive consumption of MT residues pollutes the soil, water, and environmental systems. Methods: Henceforth, the potential electrocatalyst of the tungsten trioxide nanorods on the carbon microsphere (WO3/C) composite was synthesized for nanomolar electrocatalytic detection of MT. The electrocatalysts of WO3/C were synthesized hydrothermally, and the WO3/C composite was in-situ constructed by using the reflux method. Significant findings: Remarkably, the as-prepared WO3/C composite displayed a fantastic sensing platform for MT, characterized by an astonishingly nanomolar detection limit (10 nm), notable sensitivity (1.284 mu A mu M-1 cm-2), exceptional selectivity, and amazing stability. The actual sample test was carried out using MT added in food and environmental samples of corn, sugar cane, sewage water, and river water. The minimum MT response recovery in vegetable and water samples was determined to be approximately 97 % and 99 %, respectively. The results indicate that the WO3/C composite is an effective electrode material for real-time MT measurement in portable devices.

Although silicon nutrition in crops has been reported to improve growth and herbicide tolerance, the response of crop-associated weeds has not been studied. To support or reject the hypothesis that silicon nutrition can affect the tolerance of velvetleaf to pyrithiobac-sodium, affecting crop-weed competition, this study was conducted as a dose-response study in which cotton and velvetleaf grown in soil with or without K2SiO3 + silicate-solubilizing bacteria (SSB) were sprayed with pyrithiobac-sodium. Some enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis, antioxidant, and herbicide metabolism were measured to find physiological changes. The findings accept the hypothesis above for the first time. Silicon nutrition could disrupt pyrithiobac-sodium selectivity for controlling velvetleaf in cotton. Regardless of treatments, velvetleaf accumulated more silicon and lignin than cotton. Unlike phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, the activity of cytochrome P450 reductase (1.3 vs. 0.7 U/g), glutathione S-transferase (1.7 vs. 1.2 U/g), superoxide dismutase (21.7 vs. 12.5 U/mg), and catalase (443.9 vs. 342.5 U/mg) was higher in cotton than in velvetleaf, grown in soil without silicon nutrition. All enzymes became more active with silicon nutrition, but the increase was higher in velvetleaf. In field studies, velvetleaf benefited from silicon nutrition more than cotton, enhancing the competitive ability of velvetleaf in cotton and reducing further crop yield. K2SiO3 + SSB caused a 29.7 % increase in velvetleaf biomass, which caused the greatest damage to cotton seed (80.9 %) and lint (69.2 %) yields. It is recommended to avoid soil nutrition with K2SiO3 + SSB in velvetleafinfested cotton fields, where velvetleaf control with pyrithiobac-sodium is intended.

BACKGROUND Weed-resistance phenomena have increased dramatically in recent years. Bioherbicides can offer a sustainable alternative to chemical weed control but they often have low water solubility and therefore low efficacy in the field. The research reported here represents the first study on the field efficacy against weeds of a nanoencapsulated bioherbicide mimic of aminophenoxazinones, namely DiS-NH2 (2,2 '-disulphanediyldianiline). Field experiments were carried out across three different locations to evaluate the bioherbicide disulphide mimic at standard (T1, 0.75 g m(-2)) and double (T2, 1.5 g m(-2)) doses when compared to no weed control (NC) and chemical weed controlled (PC) in durum wheat. RESULTS The nanoencapsulated bioherbicide displayed better soil permeability than the free compound and also showed lower ecotoxicity on comparing the toxic doses on the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model. It was found that T2 gave the best performance in terms of phytotoxicity (-57% weed biomass when compared with NC) and crop yield enhancement (3.2 versus 2.2 Mg ha(-1) grain yield), while T1 showed comparable results to PC. T1 and T2 did not cause shifts in weed communities and this is consistent with a broad spectrum of phytotoxicity. Moreover, the nanoparticle formulation tested in this study provided stable results across all three locations. CONCLUSION It is reported here for the first time that a nanoencapsulated DiS-NH2 bioherbicide mimic provided an efficient post-emergence and contact bioherbicide that can control a wide range of weed species in durum wheat without damaging the crop. The mimic also has low ecotoxicity and improved soil permeability. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

With its advantages of high efficiency, high selectivity and broad spectrum, diphenyl ether herbicides have become a class of herbicides with a wide range of applications, numerous types and huge amounts of use worldwide. The massive and unregulated use of diphenyl ether herbicides has led to their accumulation in soil and water bodies, altering the structure of soil microbial communities and causing huge economic losses by causing damage to sensitive crops in subsequent crops. Meanwhile, it will also accumulate in the food chain, inducing potential hazards to non-target organisms such as aquatic animals and human beings. Therefore, the importance of developing green removal strategies for diphenyl ether herbicides in polluted environments is increasing. Currently, microbial degradation technology has a broad application prospect due to its simple operation, safety and less likely to cause secondary pollution. A variety of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species have been found to efficiently degrade diphenyl ether herbicides, but fewer studies have been conducted on fungi and actinomycetes. Based on this, this paper summarizes the characteristics of the diphenyl ether herbicide family, the mechanism of toxicity. Microbial resources for degrading diphenyl ether herbicides, degradation pathways and the molecular biological basis of the degradation process are outlined. The aim of this paper is to have a more comprehensive understanding of diphenyl ether herbicides and to provide a research direction for in-depth study of treatment strategies for diphenyl ether herbicide residues in the real environment and discovery of more relevant biodegradable resources.

Indaziflam is a relatively new herbicide that kills newly germinated plants. There is interest in using indaziflam to improve rangeland restoration but applying it around the time of seeding risks damaging seeded plants. A better strategy may be using indaziflam long before seeding to deplete weed seedbanks and then seeding after it dissipates. Dissipation rates vary and are difficult to predict, so testing is needed to determine whether indaziflam remains present. The manufacturer-recommended test involves seeding small indaziflam-treated areas and then monitoring for herbicide damage. A disadvantage here is that rangeland seeding is failure-prone, so seeded species can fail to emerge whether indaziflam is present or not. Another disadvantage is that test areas cannot be reliably evaluated until many months to a year after seeding, by which time evaluations are obsolete. We sought a more reliable, rapid bioassay. We gathered soil samples from nontreated and indaziflam-treated plots in two experiments treated 565 d and 204 d earlier. In these samples in a greenhouse, we planted seeds of native grasses ( Elymus lanceolatus [Scribn. & J.G. Sm.] Gould and Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] & Aacute;. L & ouml;ve) and an exotic invasive grass ( Bromus japonicus Thunb.) and then measured plant responses. Plant densities and heights were similar across experiments. Indaziflam reduced native grass density 50% +/- 8%, native grass height 74% +/- 6% (mean +/- SE), and exotic grass density and height nearly 100% ( p = five nontreated and treated soil samples. In addition to greenhouses, other well-illuminated areas held at 16-24 degrees C are sufficient for testing. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Society for Range Management.

Vegetable production on plastic mulch in Georgia often combines fumigation, drip tape, raised beds, and plastic mulch, where three to five high-value crops are produced over 2 yr. With the elimination of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant, herbicides applied over plastic mulch before crop transplanting have become essential to maintain weed control. However, proper care must be taken to avoid crop damage from any herbicide residue. Experiments using simulated vegetable beds covered with totally impermeable film (TIF) were conducted to quantify the concentration of halosulfuron-methyl, glufosinate, glyphosate, S-metolachlor, and acetochlor remaining on the mulch and the amount of each herbicide that moved into the crop transplant hole when irrigation water was applied. With 0.63 cm of water irrigation, glufosinate > halosulfuron-methyl > S-metolachlor > acetochlor. All herbicide concentrations were below 1.0 mg ai/ae in the transplant hole regardless of irrigation volume. For halosulfuron, glyphosate, and glufosinate, these concentrations were equal to a 1.3 to 8.9 times the field use rate washing into the transplant hole. Acetochlor and S-metolachlor concentrations in the transplant hole were equivalent to 0.1x to 0.7x of field use rates, respectively. With further evaluations, the quantified herbicide concentrations in the transplant hole can be used to make changes to recommended rates and potentially create new options for growers to utilize.

The toxic effects of tetracycline and glyphosate on hulless barley and its environment, as well as their interrelationship, remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to identify biomarkers reflective of tetracycline and glyphosate toxicity, examine root damage and rhizosphere bacterial communities throughout the growth cycle, and assess the final grain quality. Results indicated that the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in the underground parts of barley could serve as a sensitive biomarker for detecting tetracycline and glyphosate toxicity in barley. In addition, a synergistic effect between 5 mg/kg tetracycline and 5 mg/kg glyphosate was observed at the tillering stage, which not only induced H2O2 accumulation across all growth stages but also ultimately reduced seed quality. During the tillering phase, Proteobacteria dominanted, while Actinobacteria showed greater relative abundance during the jointing stage.By the ripening stage, Acidobacteria predominantly colonized the associated soils. Importantly, the study further identified metagenome-assembled genomes containing cytochrome P450 fragments capable of metabolizing these compounds. This study provides novel insights into the transformation of co-contaminants and the adaptive responses of rhizobacteria to tetracycline and glyphosate exposure, offering valuable information for agricultural practices.

Herbicides are widely employed in agriculture to manage weeds and enhance crop yields, but their extensive use raises significant environmental and human health concerns. Exposure to herbicides can occur through multiple pathways, including ingesting contaminated food and water, inhaling airborne particles, and dermal contact during application. This review delves into the intricate dynamics of herbicide pollution in agriculture, examining their classification, modes of exposure, and impacts on plants, animals, and humans. This study also deals with the mechanisms by which herbicides contribute to adverse health outcomes, such as cellular damage and cancer. To address these risks, this review looks at more sustainable ways to manage weeds, focusing on practical and natural alternatives to chemical herbicides. These include traditional farming techniques, hands-on mechanical methods, and biological agents. Integrated weed management (IWM) is a holistic approach that combines these techniques to reduce herbicide resistance and environmental degradation. The natural alternative method is the use of bioherbicides, derived from live microorganisms or their metabolic byproducts known to stand out as eco-friendly and targeted solutions for weed control. This review emphasizes the need for sustainable practices to balance effective weed management and the preservation of environmental and human health. This paves the path for innovative and sustainable solutions to aquatic herbicide pollution through natural product-based interventions. This study emphasizes the importance of integrated techniques for achieving sustainable agriculture while minimizing environmental and health risks.

Context Invasive plants are one of the most significant threats to woodlands globally. Methods of invasive plant control include manual removal and herbicide application. While the impacts of control methods on invasive and off-target native plant species are often explored, the impacts on below-ground organisms, such as fungi, are less well understood.Aims We conducted a glasshouse trial to investigate the responses of soil fungal communities to herbicides and manual removal that are used to control common invasive plant species in Banksia woodland in south-western Australia.Methods Broad spectrum (glyphosate and pelargonic acid) and grass-specific (fluazifop-p-butyl) herbicides were separately applied to pots containing either Ehrharta calycina, a key invasive grass species or Eucalyptus todtiana, a native woodland tree at the recommended woodland rate. After six weeks, samples of treated soils were subjected to high throughput sequencing to determine fungal community diversity, richness, relative abundance, composition and putative ecosystem function.Key results Pelargonic acid induced the widest range of changes including decreased fungal richness and Shannon diversity but all herbicides affected community composition. Within functional groups, fluazifop-p-butyl led to a significant decrease of symbiotrophs in the mycorrhizal species.Conclusions We show that invasive species management, in the manner applied, can lead to immediate changes in fungal community composition.Implications Observed patterns require further exploration, particularly repeat testing under different environmental conditions, to better determine the impact and mode of action of herbicides on below-ground organisms. The functional changes in the soil fungal community could further disturb the soil fungal community and complicate subsequent management considerations.