Backfill mining is a lucrative method for extracting coal buried under buildings, and water bodies, which can substantially increase the resource usage efficiency by mitigating the strata movement and surface subsidence. Its effectiveness depends on the mechanical properties of granular backfill materials. A permeability test was performed on gangue and fly ash samples under different stress levels using an original seepage test system. The variation patterns of the broken rock's internal pressure and permeability were determined. The test results indicate the weakening of the seepage effect on granular materials and a gradual reduction of washed away fly ash. The permeability values fall into the range of 3.2 x 10(-15) similar to 3.2 x 10(-13)m(-2), and non-Darcy factor is between 3.2 x 10(10) and 3.2 x 10(12) m(-1). This phenomenon was more pronounced in samples with smaller particle sizes. As the axial stress increased, the backfill material showed a decline in permeability and an increase in the non-Darcy flow coefficient. As the content of fly ash increased, the mass loss grew sharply, which occurred mainly at the early seepage stage. The results are considered instrumental in the characterization of water and sand inrush.

The morphology of sheep wool applied as organic fertilizer biodegraded in the soil was examined. The investigations were conducted in natural conditions for unwashed waste wool, which was rejected during sorting and then chopped into short segments and wool pellets. Different types of wool were mixed with soil and buried in experimental plots. The wool samples were periodically taken and analyzed for one year using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). During examinations, the changes in the fibers' morphology were observed. It was stated that cut wool and pellet are mechanically damaged, which significantly accelerates wool biodegradation and quickly destroys the whole fiber structure. On the contrary, for undamaged fibers biodegradation occurs slowly, layer by layer, in a predictable sequence. This finding has practical implications for the use of wool as an organic fertilizer, suggesting that the method of preparation can influence its biodegradation rate. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(SEM)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)X(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(EDS)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).

Most gravel roads leading to rural areas in Ghana have soft spot sections as a result of weak lateritic subgrade layers. This study presents a laboratory investigation on a typical weak lateritic subgrade soil reinforced with non-woven fibers. The objective was to investigate the strength characteristic of the soil reinforced with non-woven fibers. The California Bearing Ratio and Unconfined Compressive Strength tests were conducted by placing the fibers in single layer and also in multiple layers. The results showed an improved strength of the soil from a CBR value of 7%. The CBR recorded maximum values of 30% and 21% for coconut and palm fibers inclusion at a placement depth of H/5 from the compacted surface. Multiple fiber layer application at depths of H/5 & 2 h/5 yielded CBR values of 38% and 31% for coconut and palm fibers respectively. The Giroud and Noiray design method and the Indian Road Congress design method recorded reduction in the thickness of pavement of 56% to 63% for coconut fiber inclusion and 45% to 55% for palm fiber inclusion. Two-way statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant effect of depth of fiber placement and fiber type on the geotechnical characteristics considered. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),CBR(sic)(sic)7%(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)H/5(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),CBR(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)30%(sic)21%. (sic)H/5(sic)2H/5(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)CBR(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)38%(sic)31%. Giroud&Noiray(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)56%(sic)63%,(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)45%(sic)55%. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(ANOVA)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).

The reasonable value of good gradation characteristic parameters is key in designing and optimising soil-rock mixed high fill embankment materials. Firstly, the DJSZ-150 dynamic-static large-scale triaxial testing instrument was used for triaxial compression shear tests on compacted skeleton structure soil-rock mixture standard specimens. The changes in strength and deformation indicators under different gradation parameters and confining pressure were analysed. Then, based on the Janbu empirical formula, relationships between parameters K, n, and (sigma 1-sigma 3)ult and the coefficient of uniformity Cu and coefficient of curvature Cc were explored. Empirical fitting formulas for Duncan-Chang model constants a and b were proposed, establishing an improved Duncan-Chang model for soil-rock mixtures considering gradation characteristics and stress states. Finally, based on significant differences in particle spatial distribution caused by gradation changes, three generalised models of matrix-block stone motion from different particle aggregation forms were proposed. Results indicate the standard specimen's strength and deformation indicators exhibit significant gradation effects and stress-state correlations. The improved Duncan-Chang model effectively simulates the stress-strain relationship curve under different gradations and confining pressure, with its characteristics explainable based on the matrix block stone motion generalised model.

Conventional materials necessitate a layer-by-layer rolling or tamping process for subgrade backfill projects, which hampers their utility in confined spaces and environments where compaction is challenging. To address this issue, a self-compacting poured solidified mucky soil was prepared. To assess the suitability of this innovative material for subgrade, a suite of performance including flowability, bleeding rate, setting time, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and deformation modulus were employed as evaluation criteria. The workability and mechanical properties of poured solidified mucky soil were compared. The durability and solidification mechanism were investigated. The results demonstrate that the 28-day UCS of poured solidified mucky soil with 20% curing agent content reaches 2.54 MPa. The increase of organic matter content is not conducive to the solidification process. When the curing temperature is 20 degrees C, the 28-day UCS of the poured solidified mucky soil with curing agent content not less than 12% is greater than 0.8 MPa. The three-dimensional network structure formed with calcium silicate hydrate, calcium aluminate hydrate, and ettringite is the main source of strength formation. The recommended mud moisture content is not exceed 85%, the curing agent content is 16%, and the curing temperature should not be lower than 20 degrees C.

On December 18, 2023, a magnitude MS6.2 earthquake struck Jishishan County, Gansu Province, triggering over 40 seismic subsidence sites within a seismic intensity VI zone, 32 km from the epicenter.The earthquake caused tens of millions in economic losses to mountain photovoltaic power stations. Extensive geological surveys and comparisons with similar landslides (such as soil loosening, widespread cracks, and stepped displacements) triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan MS8.5 earthquake and the 1995 Yongdeng MS5.8 earthquake, this study preliminarily identifies one subsidence sites as a seismic-collapsed loess landslide. To investigate its disaster-causing mechanism: the dynamic triaxial test was conducted to assess the seismic subsidence potential of the loess at the site, and the maximum subsidence amount under different seismic loads were calculated by combining actual data from nearby bedrock stations with site amplification data from the active source; simulation of the destabilization evolution of seismic-collapsed loess landslides by large-scale shaking table tests; and a three-dimensional slope model was developed using finite element method to study the complex seismic conditions responsible for site damage. The research findings provide a theoretical foundation for further investigations into the disaster mechanisms of seismic-collapsed loess landslides.

Liquefaction hazard analysis is crucial in earthquake-prone regions as it magnifies structural damage. In this study, standard penetration test (SPT) and shear wave velocity (Vs) data of Chittagong City have been used to assess the liquefaction resistance of soils using artificial neural network (ANN). For a scenario of 7.5 magnitude (Mw) earthquake in Chittagong City, estimating the liquefaction-resistance involves utilizing peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) values of 0.15 and 0.28 g. Then, liquefaction potential index (LPI) is determined to assess the severity of liquefaction. In most boreholes, the LPI values are generally higher, with slightly elevated values in SPT data compared to Vs data. The current study suggests that the Valley Alluvium, Beach and Dune Sand may experience extreme liquefaction with LPI values ranges from 9.55 to 55.03 and 0 to 37.17 for SPT and Vs respectively, under a PGA of 0.15 g. Furthermore, LPI values ranges from 25.55 to 71.45 and 9.55 to 54.39 for SPT and Vs correspondingly. The liquefaction hazard map can be utilized to protect public safety, infrastructure, and to create a more resilient Chittagong City.

Lime-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is usually used to treat gypseous soils. However, sulphate-bearing soils often contain other sulphates, e.g., sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), potassium sulphate (K2SO4) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO4). Therefore, in this study, lime-GGBS was used as a curing agent for stabilising four sulphate-bearing soils, which were named as Na-soil, K-soil, Mg-soil, and Ca-soil. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), swelling, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy tests, were conducted to explore the macro- and micro-properties of the lime-GGBS-stabilised soils. The results showed that at 5000 ppm sulphate, stabilised Mg-soil had the lowest swelling and highest UCS. At 20,000 ppm sulphate, stabilised Ca-soil had the lowest swelling, while stabilised Na-soil had the highest UCS. Generally, increasing sulphate concentration decreased swelling for Ca-soil but increased for other three soils, and decreased UCS for Mg-soil but increased for other three soils. This was because less ettringite was generated in the stabilised Ca-soil and the formation of magnesium silicate hydrate (MSH) in the stabilised Mg-soil. Therefore, the sulphate type had a significant impact on the swelling and strength properties of lime-GGBS-stabilised sulphate-bearing soil. It is essential to identify the sulphate type before stabilising the soil on-site.

Tobacco is a significant economic crop cultivated in various regions of China. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can establish a symbiotic relationship with tobacco and regulate its growth. However, the influences of indigenous AMF on the growth and development of tobacco and their symbiotic mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, a pot inoculation experiment was conducted, revealing that six inoculants - Acaulospora bireticulata(Ab), Septoglomus viscosum(Sv), Funneliformis mosseae(Fm), Claroideoglomus etunicatum(Ce), Rhizophagus intraradices(Ri), and the mixed inoculant (H) - all formed stable symbiotic relationships with tobacco. These inoculants were found to enhance the activities of SOD, POD, PPO, and PAL in tobacco leaves, increase chlorophyll content, IAA content, CTK content, soluble sugars, and proline levels while reducing malondialdehyde content. Notably, among these inoculants, Fm exhibited significantly higher mycorrhizal infection density, arbuscular abundance, and soil spore density in the root systems of tobacco plants compared to other treatments. Membership function analysis confirmed that Fm had the most pronounced growth-promoting effect on tobacco. The transcriptome analysis results of different treatments of CK and inoculation with Fm revealed that 3,903 genes were upregulated and 4,196 genes were downregulated in the roots and stems of tobacco. Enrichment analysis indicated that the majority of these genes were annotated in related pathways such as biological processes, molecular functions, and metabolism. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes associated with auxin, cytokinin, antioxidant enzymes, and carotenoids were significantly enriched in their respective pathways, potentially indirectly influencing the regulation of tobacco plant growth. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development and application of AMF inoculants to enhance tobacco growth.

Taurine (TAU) has recently been found to have an impactful role in regulating plant responses under abiotic stresses. This study presented the comparative effects of TAU seed priming and foliar spray application on chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium. Taurine priming and foliar applications (1.6 and 2.4 mM) notably modulated morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of plants under Cr(VI) stress. Plants subjected to 25 mg kg-1 soil Cr in the form of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) displayed a significant reduction in growth, chlorophyll, and uptake of essential nutrients (N, K, P, and Ca). Cr(VI) toxicity also resulted in a notable increase in osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, relative membrane permeability, ROS generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidant compounds, endogenous Cr levels, and aerial Cr translocation. Taurine abridged lipoxygenase activity to diminish lipid peroxidation owing to the overproduction of ROS initiated by a higher Cr content. The acquisition and assimilation of essential nutrients were augmented by the TAU-related decrease in leaf and root Cr levels. Consequently, TAU enhanced growth by mitigating oxidative damage, reducing Cr content in the aerial parts, and reinforcing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Compared to foliar spray, TAU seed priming has demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating Cr phytotoxicity in plants.