The increasing production of waste glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) is causing severe environmental pollution, highlighting the need for an effective treatment method. This study explores recycling waste GFRP powder to substitute ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in synthesizing geopolymers, aiming to rapidly stabilize clayey soil. The impact of GFRP powder replacement, alkali solution concentration, alkaline activator/precursor (A/P) ratio, and binder content on the geomechanical properties and permeability of stabilized soil was thoroughly examined. The findings revealed that replacing GFRP powder from 20 wt% to 40 wt% lowered the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). However, soil stabilized with 30 wt% GFRP powder displayed the highest shear strength. This indicates that the incorporation of an appropriate amount of GFRP powder elevates clay cohesion. Furthermore, an increase in GFRP powder replacement improved permeability coefficient in the early stages, with minimal impact observed after 28 days. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis revealed a microstructural evolution of the stabilized soil, transitioning from a porous to a denser, more homogeneous composition over the curing period, which can be attributed to the formation of cluster gels enveloping the soil particles. Life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis indicated that the GFRP powder/GGBS geopolymer presents an alternative option to traditional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) binder, featuring a global warming potential (GWP)/strength ratio reduction of 6 %-40 %. This research offers a practical solution for effectively utilizing GFRP waste in a sustainable manner, with minimal energy consumption and pollution, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of soil stabilization.

This study explores a novel stabilization technique combining Persian gum (PG), an eco-friendly biopolymer, and glass fiber (GF) to enhance the strength and durability of fine-grained soils under freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. Specimens were prepared at maximum dry density (MDD) with varying PG and GF contents, cured for 0, 7, or 14 days, and subjected to 0, 5, 7, or 10 F-T cycles. Tests included Standard Proctor compaction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and Direct Shear (DS). Results demonstrated that GF significantly improved durability, ductility, and strength by enhancing interparticle interaction and friction angle. The results indicated that at an optimum GF content of 1%, UCS and E-5(0) increased by up to 35%. Also, after 10 F-T cycles, UCS decreased by 46% for untreated soil and 36% for treated soil. PG enhanced cohesion through interparticle bonding, which was curing-time-dependent. Specimens with 2.5% PG (optimum content) showed a 133% UCS increase after 14 days of curing but a 9% reduction after 5 F-T cycles, with 70% of total UCS loss occurring in the first 5 cycles. The tests indicated that formation of large and stable soil-PG-GF matrix with improved rigidity, strength, and F-T resistance. The results demonstrated that the suggested soil stabilization method, which utilizes low-cost, eco-friendly materials, was effective.

To reduce the occurrence of specific disasters, such as the freezing of cracks and the uneven settlement of loess subgrade in seasonal freezing areas, glass fiber is selected as a reinforcing material to study its strengthening effect. The glass fiber was mixed into loess at a weight ratio of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% to prepare samples. Through freeze-thaw cycles, triaxial shear tests, scanning electron microscopy tests, and nuclear magnetic resonance tests, the mechanisms and effects of reinforcement are expounded from the perspectives of macroscopic and microscopic combinations. The aim of this study is to reveal the influences of glass fiber content, confining pressure and freeze-thaw cycling on the mechanical properties and microscopic mechanisms of glass fiber-reinforced loess. Research has indicated that at the macroscopic level, reinforcement material significantly enhances roadbed strength. With increasing reinforcement amount, the strength increases gradually. After the glass fiber content reaches 0.6%, the reinforcement effect is stabilized. With the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the change patterns of the failure strength of the plain loess and glass fiber-reinforced loess are the same: first decreasing and then gradually stabilizing. The cohesion of plain loess decreases from 21.46 kPa to 13.45 kPa, and the internal friction angle decreases from 26.53 degrees to 19.06 degrees. The cohesion of fiber loess decreases from 97.11 kPa to 37.30 kPa, and the internal friction angle decreases from 27.65 degrees to 23.50 degrees. After 10 freeze-thaw cycles, the reinforced loess has better strength than plain loess. The microcosmic reinforcement mechanism of reinforced loess is clarified. The reason for the slow development of cracks in loess is that fibers restrain friction and space. Moreover, the formation of a three-dimensional force network in loess fibers can improve the strength. Therefore, adding glass fiber to loess can effectively enhance its failure strength and frost resistance.

Rammed earth (RE), an ancient construction technique, is a sustainable technology that consumes less energy and is eco-friendly. RE is brittle in nature and fails because of the increase in flexural stresses. Mechanical properties such as strength in compression and tension should be enhanced to reduce brittleness and tensile failure. This study focuses on exploring the relationship between the compressive and tensile strengths of glass fiber-reinforced, bagasse ash (BA)-cement stabilized RE. The experimental investigation lays emphasis on the effect of glass fiber on RE along with BA. The strength in compression of the cement stabilised RE increased by 31% when 0.4% glass fiber of length 12 mm was added, and it further increased by 40% by the addition of 2% BA. Peak strain at peak compressive strength enhanced by 35% with the incorporation of fibers, enhancing ductility while reducing brittleness of RE. The SEM image justifies the addition of BA; it can be observed that the addition led to the reduction of voids, resulting in an increase in the compactness of soil particles in the RE. From the study, it is observed that the regression models that best fit the data were studied and a power regression model gives the goodness of fit and to be used to find the relationship between tensile and compressive strength. The error analysis in comparison to past research suggests a way to consider mix variations to develop regression equations for higher correlation considering different types of fibers.

Modern research is focused on the discovery of new compounds that meet the requirements of modern construction. An example of low energy consumption is that buildings consume between 20% and 40% of energy. In this research, the effect of fiber addition on the properties of compacted earth bricks composed of clay and sand and fixed with cement is studied. Fiberglass or palm are used in different proportions (0% and 0.4%). This is done by studying the change in mechanical and thermal properties. The study focuses on clarifying the role of fiber type and the amount of compressive force applied to the soil. To change the properties of bricks. This is studied using experimental methods and systematization criteria. The results showed a decrease in density by 9.1%, with a decrease in water absorption by 8%, an increase in brick hardness by 42.7%, and a decrease in thermal conductivity by 22.2%. These results show that the addition of fiber improves mechanical and thermal properties. Which reduces energy consumption. The results are important because they explain the changes that occur in the earth block when palm fibers and glass are added and how they are used to improve earthen buildings.

In this paper glass/chicken feathers reinforced epoxy composite and glass/chicken feathers reinforced polyester composite was prepared in the laboratory at different percentage of the glass and chicken feathers. Tensile properties, flexural properties, shore hardness and impact strength of the glass/chicken feathers reinforced epoxy composite and glass/chicken feathers reinforced polyester composite was studied experimentally and compared at different percentage of the glass and chicken feathers. The composite will be used in humid and corrosive environment; therefore, water absorption and acid corrosion test were performed. To understand the degradation behaviour of the composite, soil test was performed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was carried out to find the fracture and interfacial characteristics of the composites after tensile test. This hybrid composite can be used in automobile, structural and defense sector. Glass/chicken feathers reinforced epoxy composite and glass/chicken feathers reinforced polyester composite plate was prepared in the laboratory at different percentage of the glass and chicken feathers. Tensile properties and shore hardness of each composite was studied experimentally and compared at different percentage of the glass and chicken feathers. image

Adding fibers into cement to form fiber-reinforced soil cement material can effectively enhance its physical and mechanical properties. In order to investigate the effect of fiber type and dosage on the strength of fiber-reinforced soil cement, polypropylene fibers (PPFs), polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVAFs), and glass fibers (GFs) were blended according to the mass fraction of the mixture of cement and dry soil (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). Unconfined compressive strength tests, split tensile strength tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) pore structure analysis tests were conducted. The results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength of the three types of fiber-reinforced soil cement peaked at a fiber dosage of 0.5%, registering 26.72 MPa, 27.49 MPa, and 27.67 MPa, respectively. The split tensile strength of all three fiber-reinforced soil cement variants reached their maximum at a 1.5% fiber dosage, recording 2.29 MPa, 2.34 MPa, and 2.27 MPa, respectively. The predominant pore sizes in all three fiber-reinforced soil cement specimens ranged from 10 nm to 100 nm. Furthermore, analysis from the perspective of energy evolution revealed that a moderate fiber dosage can minimize energy loss. This paper demonstrates that the unconfined compressive strength test, split tensile strength test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) pore structure analysis offer theoretical underpinnings for the utilization of fiber-reinforced soil cement in helical pile core stiffening and broader engineering applications.

Geopolymer lightweight cellular concrete (GLCC) combines the advantages of geopolymer and LCC but also suffers from the inherent deficiency of low strength, which can be improved by introducing suitable reinforcing materials such as fibers. This paper investigated the mechanical properties and microstructure of fly ash-slag-based GLCC reinforced with glass fibers (GLCCRGF), aiming to reveal the strengthening mechanism of glass fibers. The effects of different fiber contents (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%), fiber lengths (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mm), and fiber-blending methods (G-R, G-W, and G-S) on the mechanical properties of GLCCRGF were analyzed. The results showed that the fiber incorporation had no significant or even negative effect on the compressive strength but significantly improved the splitting tensile strength. The optimal results of fiber content, fiber length, and fiber-blending method are 0.6%, 9 mm, and G-R, respectively. From the microstructure perspective, optical tests were conducted to explore the evolution rules of pore size, pore shape factor, and fractal dimension of pore distribution of GLCCRGF. The results showed that the incorporation of glass fibers (0.6%, 9 mm, and G-R) improved the pore characteristics and contributed to more uniform pore distribution. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the micromorphology of the skeleton structure of GLCCRGF. The SEM results showed excellent interfacial bonding between glass fibers and the geopolymer matrix. Due to good bonding quality and crack-bridging effect, the presence of glass fibers enhanced the strength and crack resistance of the matrix.

This paper investigates the effects of incorporating dispersed fibrous reinforcement in hydraulically bound granular 0/16-mm mixtures. The evaluated fibrous reinforcement comprised a mixture of polypropylene and alkali-resistant glass fibers in a 1:2 weight ratio. The fibrous reinforcement was added to the mixtures in amounts of 0.05% and 0.10% by weight. The prepared mixtures utilized 1% of CEM II/B-V 32.5 R Portland cement together with 3.5%, 7%, and 14% of fly ash, characterized by a high content of reactive calcium oxide. It was found that the fibrous additives had only a small effect on the maximum dry densities and virtually none on the optimum moisture contents of the mixtures. The use of the fiber mix significantly improved the compressive strength of the reinforced samples resulting after 42 days of curing, with a performance comparable to a reference mixture bound with 8% of Portland cement. The addition of fibrous reinforcement increased the indirect tensile strength of the mixtures by up to 300%, resulting in a performance similar to that of a reference mixture with 5% of Portland cement. It was found that the use of this particular fibrous reinforcement significantly improved the performance of predominantly fly-ash-bound granular mixtures, allowing the reduction in cement content used in this type of material.

Marl clays with varying levels of calcite content often exhibit more erratic behavior compared to other problematic soils, especially when exposed to repetitive Freeze-Thaw (F-T) cycles. It is crucial to prioritize the mechanical properties and durability of this particular soil variety as neglecting such characteristics can result in irreversible harm to the superstructures. This research focused on examining the utilization of lime and Nanoclay (NC) as stabilizers and Glass Fiber (GF) as reinforcement for natural marl soil. The study involved preparing samples with 6% lime and up to 1.5% NC, combined with varying amounts of GF ranging from 0 to 1%. The samples were cured for 7 and 28 days and subjected to 0, 1, 4, and 8 F-T cycles. Several Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) tests as well as microstructural analyses including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were performed on the samples before and after being exposed to F-T cycles. Results showed that the application of GF enhanced the UCS and ITS of lime-NC-stabilized marl soil by creating interlocking zones between the particles. The addition of lime and NC shifted the behavior of the soil sample from ductile to brittle, while the inclusion of GF caused the soil to revert to ductile behavior, resulting in a decrease in secant modulus (E50) and an increase in energy absorption capacity (Eu) compared to samples without GF. Furthermore, incorporating GF along with lime and NC into the marl soil improved the F-T durability even after 8 cycles and resulted in reduced strength deterioration compared to the control sample. The optimum mixture was found to be 6% lime, 1% NC, and 0.75% GF, resulting in a noteworthy improvement of 6.5 times in the ITS and a slight decrease of 6% after 8 F-T cycles compared to the untreated marl soil.