Agriculture is crucial for food security and safety, but agrochemical insufficiency in managing pest infestations leads to agrochemical overuse, reducing crop yields, escalating disease outbreaks, and dispersing resistant organisms. The Green Revolution led to inconsiderate usage of chemical synthetic pesticides and fertilizers resulting in low soil biodiversity and resistance to pests and pathogens. New research focuses on integrating pest-resistant genetically modified crops, climate-adaptive practices, and nano-pesticides, aiming to minimize pesticide usage and reduce harmful environmental impact. Nanotechnology offers a transformative potential for sustainable agriculture by enhancing pesticide delivery, precision farming, and crop productivity with negligible environmental impact. This technology offers the potential for developing environment-friendly, biocompatible, and intelligent insecticides that respond to ecological changes. Nanoparticles also supply materials to plants and generate sophisticated biosensors for precision farming. Conventional herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizers have been nanoencapsulated to aid in the gradual and continuous release of nutrients and agrochemicals. The targeted nanocarrier systems improve pesticide delivery, reducing environmental impact and pesticide resistance while ensuring minimal harm to the non-target organisms. Studies show nanoparticles like silver, zinc oxide, and silica as effective biocides, enhancing crop resilience and productivity. Nanotechnology has prospective in agriculture as a green and effective substitute, reducing environmental damage and improving pest control techniques. The related difficulties of nanotechnology in agriculture are also highlighted in this review, focusing on how it might help meet the demands of future food security and promote environment-friendly farming methods. The present review explores the application of nanotechnology in agriculture mainly focusing on precision farming and sustainable crop production. It also highlights its ability to enhance crop productivity, manage insect's population, improve soil health, and address environmental issues. However, limitations include its high manufacturing costs, regulatory deficiencies, and limited field-scale uses.

The ever-increasing quantities of trash produced by the poultry and tannery industries, particularly chicken feathers, cow hairs, and waste leather fibers, pose serious challenges to maintaining a pristine natural environment. In this research, the polymer composites were produced by combining 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 15 % (by weight) recycled chicken feather fibers (CFF), cow hair fibers (CHF), and leather fibers (LF) with inorganic materials ZnO, Al2O3, CaCO3, and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) through a hand lay-up process. After cleaning, a portion of the fibers was subjected to a two-hour soak in 0.20 M KOH at 50 degrees C, followed by five hours of drying at 60 degrees C, and the remaining half was not attended. This study successfully reduced environmentally hazardous waste from the poultry and tannery industries. The biodegradation of composites was compared in weather, water, brine, soil and compost over a period of 90 days at 25 degrees C, suggesting that the composites have potential in a variety of settings. Degradation rates varied among the composites, and the leather fibre-UPR composites (LR + UPR + Al2O3) showed the fastest degradation rate under all media and were especially degraded highest percentages (17.8 %) when buried in compost. Degradation percentages in compost media for (CHF + UPR + Al2O3), (CFF + UPR + Al2O3) and (CHF + CFF + UPR + Al2O3)) composites are 16.3 %, 14.8 %, and 13.5, respectively. The helical structure of the composites disintegrated in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), losing its chain-linkage skeleton and peptide fiber bridges, and dissolving keratin and collagen into carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The results of the water uptake and thickness swelling study for up to 15 days due to water absorption can have positive effects on the mechanical properties of the composite material and found 8.8 % water uptake and 15.8 % thickness swelling both for (LR + UPR + Al2O3) composite.