An environmental disaster caused by the rupture of a mining tailings dam has impacted a large area of the Rio Doce watershed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, resulting in unprecedented damage at spatial and temporal scales. The Atlantic Forest is one of the world's most important biodiversity hotspots. A long history of land use conversion has resulted in a highly fragmented landscape. Despite numerous restoration initiatives, these efforts have often biased criteria and use limited species assemblages. We conducted a comprehensive synthesis of the plant community in riparian forests along the Rio Doce watershed. Our work detailed vegetation composition (tree and sapling strata) and examined its relationship with edaphic and landscape factors, aiming to inform restoration projects with scientifically robust knowledge. A total of 4906 individuals from the tree strata and 4565 individuals from the sapling strata were recorded, representing a total of 1192 species from 75 families. Only 0.8% of the tree species and 0.5% of the sapling species occurred in all sampled sectors, with over 84% of the species occurring in a single watershed sector for both strata. We observed a high species heterogeneity modulated by turnover (92.3% in the tree, and 92.7% in the sapling strata) among sites. Overall, our research revealed a gradient of soil fertility influencing species composition across different strata. Additionally, we discovered that preserved landscapes had a positive impact on species diversity within both strata. The species exclusivity in the sampled sites and the high turnover rate imply the need to consider multiple reference ecosystems when restoring the watershed to reduce the risk of biotic homogenization. Finally, the reference ecosystems defined here serve as a basis for the selection of locally particular species in the implementation of restoration projects that aim to improve biodiversity, ecosystem services, and water security.

This work physically simulates the effect of low and high flow rates and filling times of reservoirs and rupture due to overtopping (caused by intense rains) of small homogeneous silty-sand earthfill dams. The experiments seek to verify how input variations impact the formation of the breach and the rupture wave. The results show that different filling times, soil moisture and composition, and degree of compaction affect landfill saturation, failure time, and breach formation. The result confirms that smaller breaches with a higher degree of compaction led to a lower peak rupture flow compared to dams with low degree of compaction. The rupture hydrograph presents a faster descent stage than an exponential hydrograph. Simulations and models based on this law may minimize the effect of the dam-break wave, also impacting water resource decision-making for damage reduction. The results were extrapolated to a real prototype, providing information and a database for the studies of overtopping dam-break waves.