The effect of the geocell layer and the geocell with geogrid layer on the settlement Behavior of sand under static and cyclic loads is investigated in this experimental study. The parametric experiments were conducted to examine the effects of reinforcement type and spacing between reinforcement on footing settlement Behavior. Additionally, to ascertain how settlement varies under various circumstances, the load-settlement Behavior of square footings installed over both reinforced and unreinforced sand beds was investigated. According to the experimental investigation, the foundation resting over geocell-reinforced sand showed an improvement of about 150% in the sand bed's bearing capability. The reinforced sand bed sustained loading cycles twice that of the unreinforced sand. The results showed that construction and demolition waste performed best among the infill materials that were tested. When construction and demolition waste is used as an infill material, there is about a 94% increase in elastic uniform compression coefficient value and about a 30.4% increase in sand bed load-carrying capability. For waste foundry sand and a mixture of construction and demolition waste with waste foundry sand (50% each), there is about an 8.86% and 16.11% increase in the value of load carrying capacity as compared to when geocell is infilled with sand. For the geocell-geogrid reinforced sand bed, the maximum increase in the elastic uniform compression coefficient value is 17.9% with a 28.61% decrease in settlement value compared to when geocell is used alone in the sand bed.

The treatment, disposal, and resource utilization of waste mud are challenges for engineering construction. This study investigates the road performance of waste mud-solidified soil and explains how solidifying materials influence the strength and deformation characteristics of waste mud. Unconfined compressive strength tests, consolidated undrained triaxial shear tests, resonant column tests, and consolidation compression tests were conducted to evaluate the solidification effect. The test results show that with an increase in cement content from 5 to 9%, the unconfined compressive strength of the waste mud-solidified soil increased by over 100%, the curing time was extended from 3 to 28 days, and the unconfined compressive strength increased by approximately 70%. However, an increase in initial water content from 40 to 60% reduced the unconfined compressive strength by 50%. With the increase of cement content from 5 to 9%, the cohesion and friction angles increased by approximately 78% and 24%, respectively. The initial shear modulus under dynamic shear increased by approximately 38% and the shear strain corresponding to a damping ratio decay to 70% of the initial shear modulus decreased by nearly 11%. The compression coefficient decreased by approximately 55%. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction tests showed that a higher cement content led to the formation of more hydration reaction products, especially an increase in the content of AlPO4, which can effectively fill the pores between soil particles, enhance the bonding between soil particles, and form a skeleton with soil particles to improve compactness. Consequently, the strength of the waste mud-solidified soil increased significantly while its compressibility decreased. This study can provide data support for dynamic characteristics of waste mud solidified soil subgrade.