Heavy metal composite pollution, such as Cd-Pb, occurs commonly in agriculture soils around the world, potentially harming the ecological environment and human health via food chain/network migration. There are numerous strategies for treating and rehabilitating polluted farmland today, including the use of attractive plants for phytoremediation. However, it is unclear how to use attractive plants to properly treat and fully utilize Cd-Pb composite damaged farms. The combined Cd-Pb pollution of agriculture in Xieping village, Huixian county, Gansu province is increasingly prevalent. Therefore, based on the results of literature research and the actual situation of the study area, nine kinds of ornamental plants with Cd-Pb composite pollution remediation potential and comprehensive utilization value were first selected in this paper, and the greenhouse test was carried out in the Cd-Pb composite pollution farmland in the study area. Second, the bioconcentration factor (BCF), transfer coefficient (TF), and economic feasibility principle were utilized to select the best treatment plants, and a novel model of effective remediation and comprehensive exploitation of Cd-Pb composite damaged farmland was developed. The results showed that the nine tested plants grew well under the Cd-Pb combined pollution stress, and all of them showed certain tolerance. However, the biomass, Cd-Pb accumulation, enrichment and transport capacity of the different plants were significantly different. Among them, Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., Rumex acetosa L., Calendula officinalis L., Rose chinensis Jacq., Tagetes erecta L. and Impatiens balsamina L. show excellent restorative abilities. Combining the ornamental value, safety and economy of flowering plants, P. suffruticosa, R. chinensis, C. officinalis, T. erecta and I. balsamina were finally selected as the plants for the effective remediation and comprehensive utilisation of Cd-Pb composite pollution in farmland. In conclusion, this study proposes a new model for the effective remediation and comprehensive utilisation of heavy metal composite pollution in farmland by flowering plants with economic feasibility.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$.$$\end{document}

Nanoplastics may adsorb other pollutants in the environment due to their high specific surface area and small size. We used earthworms as experimental organisms to evaluate the ecotoxicity of NPs and Ni combined pollution at the individual and cellular levels. The results showed that when only 20 mg/L Ni2+ was added to the combined pollution system, the antioxidant system of earthworm coelomocytes was destroyed to a certain extent, the ROS level increased, the cell viability decreased significantly, and the redox balance was destroyed. With the introduction of PS-NPs and the increase of concentration, the oxidative damage in the coelomocytes of earthworms gradually increased, and finally tended to be stable when the maximum concentration of 50 mg/L PS-NPs and Ni were exposed together. At the animal level, the activities of CAT and SOD decreased within 28 days of exposure, and the combined pollution showed a synergistic effect. At the same time, it promoted the synthesis of GST in earthworms, improved their detoxification ability and reduced oxidative damage. The changes of T-AOC and MDA showed that the combined pollution caused the accumulation of ROS and caused more serious toxicological effects. With the increase of exposure time, the antioxidant system of earthworms was continuously destroyed, and the oxidative damage was serious, which induced more serious lipid peroxidation and caused the damage of earthworm body wall structure.

Both microplastics (MPs) and cadmium (Cd) are common contaminants in farmland systems, is crucial for assessing their risks for human health and environment, and little research has focused on stress responses mechanisms of crops exposed to the combined pollution. The present study investigated the impact of poly-ethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) microplastics (MPs), in combination with Cd, on the physiological and metabolomic changes as well as rhizosphere soil of potherb mustard. Elevated levels of PEMPs and PPMPs were found to impede nutrient uptake in plants while promoting premature flowering, and the concomitant effect is lower crop yields. The substantial improvement in Cd bioavailability facilitated by MPs in rhizosphere soil, especially in high concentrations of MPs, then elevated bioavailability of Cd contributed to promoted Cd accumulation in plants, with distinct effects depending on the type and concentration of MPs. The presence of MPs Combined exposure to high concentrations of MPs and Cd resulted in alterations in plant physiology and metabolomics, including decreased biomass and photosynthetic parameters, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species primarily H2O2, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, and modifications in metabolite profiles. Overall, our study assessed the potential impact on food security (the availability of cadmium to plant) and crops stress responses regarding the contamination of MPs and Cd, providing new insights for future risk assessment in agriculture.