We develop an analytical model of the Alfven wings generated by the interaction between a moon's ionosphere and its sub-Alfvenic magnetospheric environment. Our approach takes into account a realistic representation of the ionospheric Pedersen conductance profile that typically reaches a local minimum above the moon's poles and maximizes along the bundle of magnetospheric field lines tangential to the surface. By solving the equation for the electrostatic potential, we obtain expressions for various quantities characterizing the interaction, such as the number flux and energy deposition of magnetospheric plasma onto the surface, the spatial distribution of currents within the Alfven wings and associated magnetic field perturbations, as well as the Poynting flux transmitted along the wings. Our major findings are: (a) Deflection of the magnetospheric plasma around the Alfven wings can reduce the number flux onto the surface by several orders of magnitude. However, the Alfvenic interaction alone does not alter the qualitative shape of the bullseye-like precipitation pattern formed without the plasma interaction. (b) Due to the deflection of the upstream plasma, the energy deposition onto the moon's exosphere achieves its minimum near the ramside apex and maximizes along the flanks of the interaction region. (c) Even when the ionospheric conductance profile is continuous, the currents along the Alfven wings exhibit several sharp jumps. These discontinuities generate spikes in the magnetic field that are still observable at large distances to the moon. (d) The magnitude and direction of the wing-aligned currents are determined by the slope of the ionospheric conductance profile.

Evidence of life beyond Earth may be closer than we think, given that the forthcoming missions to the jovian system will be equipped with instruments capable of probing Europa's icy surface for possible biosignatures, including chemical biomarkers, despite the strong radiation environment. Geochemical biomarkers may also exist beyond Europa on icy moons of the gas giants. Sulfur is proposed as a reliable geochemical biomarker for approved and forthcoming missions to the outer solar system. Key Words: JUICE missionClipper missionGeochemical biomarkersEuropaMoons of the ice giantsGeochemistryMass spectrometry. Astrobiology 17, 958-961.