This is an exercise to explore the concentration of lithium, lithium-7 isotope and the possible presence of black dirty ice on the lunar surface using spectral data obtained from the Clementine mission. The main interest in tracing the lithium and presence of dark ice on the lunar surface is closely related to future human settlement missions on the moon. We investigate the distribution of lithium and 7 Li isotope on the lunar surface by employing spectral data from the Clementine images. We utilized visible (VIS-NIR) imagery at wavelengths of 450, 750, 900, 950 and 1000 nm, along with near-infrared (NIR-SWIR) at 1100, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2600 and 2780 nm, encompassing 11 bands in total. This dataset offers a comprehensive coverage of about 80% of the lunar surface, with resolutions ranging from 100 to 500 m, spanning latitudes from 80 degrees S to 80 degrees N. In order to extract quantitative abundance of lithium, ground-truth sites were used to calibrate the Clementine images. Samples (specifically, 12045, 15058, 15475, 15555, 62255, 70035, 74220 and 75075) returned from Apollo missions 12, 15, 16 and 17 have been correlated to the Clementine VIS-NIR bands and five spectral ratios. The five spectral ratios calculated synthesize the main spectral features of sample spectra that were grouped by their lithium and 7 Li content using Principal Component Analysis. The ratios spectrally characterize substrates of anorthosite, silica-rich basalts, olivine-rich basalts, high-Ti mare basalts and Orange and Glasses soils. Our findings reveal a strong linear correlation between the spectral parameters and the lithium content in the eight Apollo samples. With the values of the 11 Clementine bands and the 5 spectral ratios, we performed linear regression models to estimate the concentration of lithium and 7 Li. Also, we calculated Digital Terrain Models (Altitude, Slope, Aspect, DirectInsolation and WindExposition) from LOLA-DTM to discover relations between relief and spatial distribution of the extended models of lithium and 7 Li. The analysis was conducted in a mask polygon around the Apollo 15 landing site. This analysis seeks to uncover potential 7 Li enrichment through spallation processes, influenced by varying exposure to solar wind. To explore the possibility of finding ice mixed with regolith (often referred to as `black ice'), we extended results to the entire Clementine coverage spectral indices, calculated with a library (350-2500 nm) of ice samples contaminated with various concentrations of volcanic particles.

Interest in the Moon started to increase at the beginning of the 21st century, and henceforth, more and more attention has been paid to the content and distribution of water ice in the lunar polar regions. The existence of water or ice in the regolith can apparently change its dielectric features. Therefore, in this article, the Dobson model is adopted and improved according to the Moon's environmental features, to construct the relationship between the volumetric water ice content and the dielectric constant. Thereafter, a lunar regolith dielectric distribution map is generated based on the improved Dobson model and the Clementine UVVIS data. The map indicates that the imaginary part of the dielectric constants in the lunar mare is much higher than that in the highlands. However, the maximum dielectric constants occur at the north- and south-pole regions, whose values are apparently bigger than those in the middle and low latitudes. Then, an abnormal map of the dielectric constant is gained if the threshold is put as 0.053 7, which is the highest value in the middle and low latitudes. The statistical results indicate that the number of abnormal pixels is 110 596, and the average is about 0.057 9. Assuming that the mean dielectric constant in the lunar mare is the normal dielectric constant at the south and north poles and E > (1)=11.58+i0.057 9 is the abnormal one, the volumetric water ice content can be evaluated using the advanced Dobson model. The results show that the average volumetric water ice content is about 1.64%, and the total area is about 25 294 km(2), where 10 956 km(2) belongs to the north pole and the rest is in the south pole.

月球卫星遥感的目标就是利用地质概念研究月球表面特性、深部结构和演化历史.以月球正面雨海虹湾地区为例,利用Clementine UV/VIS数据提取TiO2和FeO的含量图.基于SELENE TC图像,完成虹湾地区撞击坑和地层单元的解译,并由此利用撞击坑直径-频率统计方法获取虹湾地区不同地层单元的形成年龄.SELENE的重力场模型(SGM90d)揭示虹湾与雨海的重力特征差异,表现为独立的地质单元.嫦娥一号微波辐射计数据反演的月壤厚度与SELENE的数字地形模型在空间分布上有对应关系.综合这些多源遥感信息,表明虹湾与雨海无论深部结构还是表面沉积作用都表现为独立地质单元;虹湾形成后,经历了多期次沉降活动、沉积作用和撞击作用,表现为目前探测的状态.虹湾地区遥感地质解析结果将为未来潜在登月点选择或采样等提供科学依据.

面向对象方法是一种强大的分类方法,它首先将影像分割成许多对象,从而可以计算这些对象的许多特征值并实现对事物的识别.然而,这种方法目前还没有应用到月球科学研究中,在这篇文章中尝试性的应用这种方法对月球表面的撞击坑进行了自动识别,并得到了一些初步结果.撞击坑是月球表面最主要的特征,它对月球地质学研究有重要意义.在月球科学研究中,一个重要的问题是应用撞击坑的分布密度估计月表地质年龄,因而对撞击坑进行正确的识别是必要的.然而对撞击坑进行手动识别是很低效的,这就促使寻找一种高效的自动识别方法.描述了面向对象分类方法在月表反射率影像上对撞击坑进行自动识别.在这种方法中,根据大小、形状、色调以及各层权重首先把影像分割成许多对象,并用特征值"相邻对象的对比"从月球影像上鉴别撞击坑,然后把属于同一类的相邻对象进行合并;除了几个大型撞击坑外,每个撞击坑都已经成了独立的对象.为了剔除撞击坑类中的辐射线,特征值"长宽比"被进一步用来识别撞击坑.最终的结果输出到ArcGIS中对大型撞击坑进行了人工修正,并经统计得到了月表撞击坑的个数。

Clementine was a technology demonstration mission jointly sponsored by the Department of Defense (DOD) and NASA that was launched on January 25th, 1994. Its principal objective was to use the Moon, a near-Earth asteroid, and the spacecraft's Interstage Adapter as targets to demonstrate lightweight sensor performance and several innovative spacecraft systems and technologies. The design, development, and operation of the Clementine spacecraft and ground system was performed by the Naval Research Laboratory. For over two months Clementine mapped the Moon, producing the first multispectral global digital map of the Moon, the first global topographic map, and contributing several other important scientific discoveries, including the possibility of ice at the lunar South Pole. New experiments or schedule modifications were made with minimal constraints, maximizing science return, thus creating a new paradigm for mission operations. Clementine was the first mission known to conduct an in-flight autonomous operations experiment. After leaving the Moon. Clementine suffered an onboard failure that caused cancellation of the asteroid rendezvous. Despite this setback, NASA and the DOD applied the lessons learned from the Clementine mission to later missions. Clementine set the standard against which new small spacecraft missions are commonly measured. More than any other mission, Clementine has the most influence (scientifically, technically, and operationally) on the lunar missions being planned for the next decade.