Purpose: Biochar is a carbon rich material that showed positive outcomes on plant growth and productivity enduring abiotic stresses. The objective of the present investigation is thus to determine the potential of biochar to mitigate the detrimental impacts of salinity in Lepidium sativum. Method: Salinity stress was induced by NaC1 at different concentrations ranging from 0 to 5000 mg/L. Biochar was applied in two concentrations: 0.5 and 1%. For biochar preparation, dry rice straw was heated at 400 OC at certain pyrolysis conditions. Results: The study established that salt medium significantly reduced seed germination and amylase activity, with the highest decrease of 63 and 50.6%, respectively, at 5000 mg/L. The relative permeability of the cell membrane was associated with substantial increases in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide. The free radicle scavengers' total phenolic, flavonoid, and proline levels were also induced. The use of prepared biochar at 0.5 and 1% reduced the damaging effects of salt stress by enhancing the activity of the alpha-amylase enzyme, resulting in a significant rise in germination (95% at 5000 mg/L by 0.5% of biochar). In contrast, the application of 0.5% biochar at 5000 mg/L significantly decreased MDA and hydrogen peroxide concentrations to 24.4 mg/g f wt and 1.39 mM/g d wt, respectively, compared to 48.21 and 1.77 in the control. Positive relationships between the multiple data revealed the largest augmentation of germination, dry weight, and antioxidant chemicals in stressed seedlings with 0.5% biochar. Biochar alleviated the hazardous effects of NaCl on L. sativum by decreasing free radicle formation and lipid peroxidation, thereby enhancing germination and early growth. Conclusion: The positive impact of biochar on salt stressed seedlings may underline its potential to have opposing NaCl consequences on development and sustain growth.

Investigating the migration and transformation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter in the cryosphere areas is crucial for understanding global biogeochemical cycle and earth's climate system. However, water-soluble organic constituents and their transformation in multiple water bodies are barely investigated. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and organic nitrogen (WSON), and particulate black carbon (PBC) in multiple types of water bodies in eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) cryosphere for the first time have been systematically investigated. Statistical results exhibited that from south to north and from east to west of this region, WSOC concentrations in alpine river runoff were gradually elevated. WSOC and nitrogenous matter in the alpine river runoff and precipitation in the glacier region presented distinct seasonal variations. WSON was the dominant component (63.4%) of water-soluble total nitrogen in precipitation over high-altitude southeastern TP cryosphere. Water-soluble carbonaceous matter dominated the carbon cycle in the TP cryosphere, but particulate carbonaceous matter in the alpine river runoff had a small fraction of the cryospheric carbon cycle. Analysis of optical properties illustrated that PBC had a much stronger light absorption ability (MAC-PBC: 2.28 +/- 0.37 m(2) g(-1)) than WSOC in the alpine river runoff (0.41 +/- 0.26 m(2) g(-1)). Ionic composition was dominated by SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ (average: 45.13 +/- 3.75%) in the snow of glaciers, implying important contribution of (fossil fuel) combustion sources over this region. The results of this study have essential implications for understanding the carbon and nitrogen cycles in high altitude cryosphere regions of the world. Future work should be performed based on more robust in-situ observations and measurements from multiple environmental medium over the cryosphere areas, to ensure ecological protection and high-quality development of the high mountain Asia.