The milky disease of Chinese mitten crabs caused by Metschnikowia bicuspidata is the most serious disease of the cultivated Chinese mitten crabs in northern China, and there have been no control measures for this disease until now. In this study, a fungus 2JHP001 with a strong antagonistic effect against M. bicuspidata was screened from soil samples by the double-layer plate method and the punching method. The strain was identified as Aspergullus sclerotiorum by analyzing its morphological, molecular, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The UHPLC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract showed that it contained maleic acid derivatives, terpenes, polyketides, 2,5-diketopiperazines, alkaloids, and other compounds. The morphology of yeast after treatment with 2JHP001 crude extract was observed by SEM and TEM, and the results showed that this treatment caused severe distortion of the yeast and different degrees of damage to the yeast cell walls, cell membranes and organelle. Moreover, animal experiment demonstrated that the survival rate of Chinese mitten crabs infected with milky disease was increased by 22.3 % within 21 d. The study provide new idea and possible strategy for the prevention and control strategy of milky disease in Chinese mitten crabs.

To protect agro-systems and food security, study on the effect of microplastics and heavy metals on edible plants is of great significance. Existing studies mostly used virgin microplastics to evaluate their effects on plants, effects of naturally aged microplastics and their combined effects with heavy metals are rarely explored. In this study, single and combined effect of polyethylene microplastics (PE, both virgin and naturally aged) and cadmium (Cd) on pakchoi under seedling and mature stages were analyzed from perspectives of growth inhibition, oxidative damage, nutrition content and soil enzyme activities. Results showed that inhibiting effects of naturally aged PE (PEa) on the growth of pakchoi were stronger than virgin PE (PEv), whereas co-contamination of PEa and Cd was less toxic than that of PEv and Cd. The co-contamination of PE and Cd could inhibit pakchoi dry biomass by over 85 %. Both single and combined contamination of PE and Cd promoted soil fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (FDA)

Driven by external compressions or shears, the granular material composed of non-convex shapes often undergoes self-assembly and becomes entangled, resulting in denser packings. In this work, the biaxial compression of monophasic and binary mixture composed of 2D intersecting crosses have been simulated via the discrete element method. As the aspect ratio increases, both the yield strength and elastic modulus initially increase before reaching a peak at w = 0.5. In binary mixtures, an antagonistic effect has been observed in mechanical properties of granular material. The decrease in strength and stiffness in binary mixtures can be attributed to the constraints imposed by multi-point contacts, along with the local order degree, which is particularly unique for non-convex particle packings. Building upon this understanding, we have extended the empirical formula into predicting the mechanical behavior of non-convex binary mixtures. This extension incorporates an additional non-linear term determined by both the shape factor and component fraction.