In conventional agricultural practices, agrochemicals, including synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other soil conditioners optimize crop production and combat insect-pest damage to satisfy the food demands of constantly growing global human populations. Long-term usage of expensive agrichemicals contaminates the soils and destroys biodiversity, deteriorating soil fertility, and microbiome-plant ecosystems. In this context, nanotechnology offers effective and powerful tool against factors that limit the legume production due to the compact size, ease of transport and handling, long shelf life, and high efficiency of nanomaterials. Thus, the application of nanoparticles in agricultural sectors are gaining momentum in developing nano-biosensors, nanoformulations (nanofertilizers/nanopesticides- NPs), and plant nutrient management. Indeed, nanotechnology is set to transform crop production systems, because NPs significantly reduce the environmental release of active ingredients. Unlike conventional fertilizers and pesticides, which often fail to reach their target sites and contribute to environmental contamination, NPs offers a more precise and eco-friendly solution. This review provides a broad view of the complex interactions between nanoparticles and phytomicrobiome-legumes, focusing both on the potential benefits and risks associated with the widespread use of nanoparticles. The emerging field of nanotechnology, especially nanoformulations, offers a green alternative to conventional fertilizers and pesticides, optimizing yields and managing legume diseases.

The global food demand is increasing with the world population, burdening agriculture with unprecedented challenges. Agricultural techniques that ushered in the green revolution are now unsustainable, owing to population growth and climate change. The agri-tech revolution that promises a robust, efficient, and sustainable agricultural system while enhancing food security is expected to be greatly aided by advancements in nanotechnology, which have been reviewed here. Nanofertilizers and nanoinsecticides can benefit agricultural practices economically without major environment impact. Owing to their unique size and features, nanoagrochemicals provide enhanced delivery of active ingredients and increased bioavailability, and posing lesser environment hazard. Nano-agrochemicals should be improved for increased efficiency in the future. In this context, nanocomposites have drawn considerable interest with regard to food security. Nanocomposites can overcome the drawbacks of chemical fertilizers and improve plant output and nutrient bioavailability. Similarly, metallic and polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) can potentially improve sustainable agriculture via better plant development, increased nutrient uptake, and soil healing. Hence, they can be employed as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides. Nanotechnology is also being used to enhance crop production via genetic modification of traits for efficient use of soil nutrients and higher yields. Furthermore, NPs can help plants overcome salinity stress-induced oxidative damage. We also review the fate of NPs in the soil system, plants, animals, and humans, highlight the shortcomings of previous research, and offer suggestions for toxicity studies that would aid regulatory bodies and benefit the agrochemical sector, consequently promoting efficient and sustainable use of nano-agrochemicals.

Crop management techniques and sustainable agriculture offer a comprehensive farming method that incorporates social, economic, and ecological factors. Sustainable agriculture places a high priority on soil health, water efficiency, and biodiversity conservation in order to develop resilient and regenerative food systems that can feed both the current and future generations. Our goal in this review is to give a thorough overview of current developments in the use of polysaccharides as raw materials for the encapsulation of natural chemicals in nanoparticles as novel crop protection products. The search for recent research articles and latest reviews has been carried out through pubmed, google scholar, BASE as search engines. Offer cutting-edge solutions for sustainable crop management that satisfy the demands of an expanding population, comply with changing legal frameworks, and address environmental issues by encasing natural compounds inside polysaccharide-based nanoparticles. A variety of natural substances, such as essential oils, plant extracts, antimicrobials compounds and miRNA, can be included in these nanoparticles. These materials have many advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and controlled release of active compounds. Thanks to their action mechanism, they are able to mediate hormone signaling and gene expression in different plant physiological aspects, as well as enhance their tolerance to abiotic stress conditions. Sustainable agriculture can be supported by this type of treatments, correctly developing food safety through the production of non-toxic nanoparticles, low-cost industrial scale-up and the use of biodegradable materials. Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles have a wide range of uses in agriculture: they improve crop yields, encourage eco-friendly farming methods and can decrease the concentrations of active ingredient used, providing an accurate and affective dosage without damaging further species, as well as avoiding treatment resistance risks. These nanoparticles can also reduce the negative effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to the environmentally friendly agricultural development. Furthermore, the application of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles is consistent with the expanding trend of green and sustainable agriculture.

In light of the growing plastic waste problem worldwide, including in agriculture, this study focuses on the usefulness of both conventional, non-degradable plastics and environmentally friendly bioplastics in the agricultural sector. Although conventional plastic products are still essential in modern, even ecological agriculture, the increasing contamination by these materials, especially in a fragmented form, highlights the urgent need to search for alternative, easily biodegradable materials that could replace the non-degradable ones. According to the literature, polymers are widely used in agriculture for the preparation of agrochemicals (mostly fertilizers) with prolonged release. They also play a role as functional polymers against pests, serve as very useful super absorbents of water to improve crop health under drought conditions, and are commonly used as mulching films, membranes, mats, non-woven fabrics, protective nets, seed coatings, agrochemical packaging, or greenhouse coverings. This widespread application leads to the uncontrolled contamination of soil with disintegrated polymeric materials. Therefore, this study highlights the possible applications of bio-based materials as alternatives to conventional polyolefins or other environmentally persistent polymers. Bio-based polymers align with the strategy of innovative agricultural advancements, leading to more productive farming by reducing plastic contamination and adverse ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. On the other hand, advanced polymer membranes act as catching agents for agrochemicals, protecting against environmental intoxication. The global versatility of polymer applications in agriculture will not permit the elimination of already existing technologies involving polymers in the near future. However, in line with ecological trends in modern agriculture, more green polymers should be employed in this sector. Moreover, we highlight that more comprehensive legislative work on these aspects should be undertaken at the European Union level to guarantee environmental and climate protection. From the EU legislation point of view, the implementation of a unified, legally binding system on applications of bio-based, biodegradable, and compostable plastics should be a priority to be addressed. In this respect, the EU already demonstrates an initial action plan. Unfortunately, these are still projected directions for future EU policy, which require in-depth analysis.

In the context of increasing global food demand and the urgent need for production processes optimization, plant protection products play a key role in safeguarding crops from insects, pests, and fungi, responsible of plant diseases proliferation and yield losses. Despite the inaccurate distribution of conventional aerial spraying performed by airplanes and helicopters, Unmanned Aerial Spraying Systems (UASSs) offer low health risks and operational cost solutions, preserving crops and soil from physical damage. This study explores the impact of UASS flight height (2 m and 2.5 m above ground level), speed (1 m s-1 and 1.5 m s-1), and position (over the canopy and the inter-row) on vineyard aerial spraying efficiency by analysing Water Sensitive Papers droplet coverage, density, and Number Median Diameter using a MATLAB script. Flight position factor, more than others, influenced the application results. The specific configuration of 2 m altitude, 1.5 m s-1 cruising speed, and inter-row positioning yielded the best results in terms of canopy coverage, minimizing off-target and ground dispersion, and represented the best setting to facilitate droplets penetration, reaching the lowest parts generally more affected from disease. Further research is needed to assess UASS aerial PPP distribution effectiveness and environmental impact in agriculture, crucial for technology implementation, especially in countries where aerial treatments are not yet permitted.

Since India is one of the most populated countries in the world, there is a constant increase in the demand for food supply. To cater to the increased demand, the farmers use agrochemicals for crop protection and to enhance crop yield. Prolonged use of these agrochemicals, contaminates the groundwater, soil, and air, causing damage to our ecosystem and having adverse effects on human health. The present study reports the one-pot synthesis of graphene-CdS (GC) nanocomposites by a facile thermal decomposition approach. Thermal decomposition is an easy and cost-effective technique. It's a facile and more efficient method than other methods. The synthesized graphene-CdS nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy, Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, RAMAN spectroscopy, and FE-SEM analysis. The potential of GC nanocomposites has been explored as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of chlorpyrifos (CPY) in an aqueous solution. It was observed that the nanocomposites exhibit 89 % degradation efficiency in 90 minutes compared to the pristine CdS and Graphene. A detailed investigation of the degradation pathway and scavenger studies were also conducted. The Graphene-CdS hold scope and potential to be explored as an effective photocatalyst for the mineralization of agrochemicals. A novel Graphene/CdS nanocomposite synthesized via a thermal decomposition approach is used for the degradation of hazardous agrochemical, chlorpyrifos via, photocatalysis technique. The nanocomposite exhibits an excellent efficiency (89.9 %) for the removal of chloropyrifos.**image