Structures constructed on collapsible soil are prone to failure under flooding. Agro-waste like rice husk ash (RHA) and its geopolymer (LGR), consisting of lime (L), RHA, water glass (Na2SiO3), and caustic soda (NaOH), present a potential solution to address this issue. RHA and LGR were mixed up to 16% to improve the collapsible soil. Samples were remolded at optimal water content and maximum dry density for strength and collapsible potential tests. Unconfined compressive strength, deformation modulus, and soaked California bearing ratio exhibit exponential improvement with the inclusion of LGR. Additionally, for comparison of microstructural characteristics, analyses involving energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were conducted on both virgin and treated specimens. LGR resulted in the emergence of new peaks of sodium silicates and calcium silicates, as indicated by EDAX. The formation of H-C-A-S gel and H-N-A-S gel observed in SEM suggests the development of bonds among soil particles attributed to geopolymerization. SEM reveals the transformation of the inherent collapsible soil from a dispersed and silt-dominated structure to a reticulated structure devoid of micro-pores following the incorporation of LGR. A numerical model was constructed to forecast the performance of both virgin and stabilized collapsible soils under pre- and post-flooding conditions. The outcomes indicate an enhancement in the soil's bearing capacity upon stabilization with 12% LGR. The implementation of 12% LGR significantly resulted in a lower embodied energy-tostrength ratio, emissions-to-strength ratio, and relatively lower cost-to-strength ratio compared to the soil treated with 16% cement kiln dust (CKD). (c) 2025 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/

Olden adobe structures had been commonly built on raw clayey earth hence the technique was exposed to be an eco-green and globally sustainable construction. Nowadays, modern construction materials lack long-lasting stability, affordability, and eco-friendliness. On the other hand, overutilization of earth-based materials led to the depletion of natural resources. So, global construction societies were raised to develop organic construction for an eco-friendly environment. This paper reviewed the recent research on the earthen clay adobe bricks and mortar stabilized with Agro-wastes and how they contended with adaptability and stability standards. The literature study focuses on the ability of the rejuvenated clay adobes rather than the traditional clay adobes of historical times. Agro-waste, non-agro-waste, and some synthetic components were used to enhance the adobe's mechanical, durable, and thermal behavior. This review emphasized altering raw clay and Agro-waste or waste additives by endorsing W/B proportions. From the literature, the scientific interpretations were conferred to attain possible usage of alternate binders and Agro-waste additives with viable W/B ratio. The prime findings of this review were subjected to define modifications of raw clay by adding disposal wastes and alternate binders to resolve the shortage of raw clay resources. Nominal mixing strategies of altered clay bricks are to be prescribed since adobes have no specific standards. The renovations of earthen adobe construction are essential to progress and to satisfy commercial needs as an environmentally sustainable material.