The aerosol scattering phase function (ASPF), a crucial element of aerosol optical properties, is pivotal for radiative forcing calculations and aerosol remote sensing detection. Current detection methods for the ASPF include multi-sensor detection, single-sensor rotational detection and imaging detection. However, these methods face challenges in achieving high-resolution full-angle measurement, particularly for small forward (i.e., less than 10 degrees) or backward (i.e., more than 170 degrees) scattering angles in open path. In this work, a full-angle ASPF detection system based on the multi-field-of-view Scheimpflug lidar technique has been proposed and demonstrated. A 450 nm continuous-wave semiconductor laser was utilized as the light source and four CMOS image sensors were employed as detectors. To detect the full-angle ASPF, four receiving units capture angular scattering signals across different angle ranges, namely 0 degrees-20 degrees, 10 degrees-96 degrees, 84 degrees-170 degrees, 160 degrees-180 degrees, respectively. The influence of the relative illumination and angular response of the used image sensors have been corrected, and a signal stitching algorithm was developed to obtain a complete 0-180 degrees angular scattering signal. Atmospheric measurements have been conducted by employing the full-angle ASPF detection system in open path. The experimental results of the ASPF have been compared with the AERONET data from the Socheongcho station and simulated ASPF based on the typical aerosol models in mainland China, showing excellent agreement. The promising results demonstrated in this work have shown a great potential for detecting the full-angle ASPF in open path.

Fragile fruits, which are prone to mechanical damage and microbial infection, necessitate protective materials that possess both cushioning and antimicrobial properties. In this study, we present a novel genipin-crosslinked chitosan/gelatin aerogel (CS/GEL/GNP) synthesized through direct mixing and free-drying techniques. The mechanical properties and cushioning capacities of the CS/GEL/GNP aerogel were thoroughly characterized, alongside an evaluation of its antimicrobial efficacy. The composite aerogel demonstrated remarkable compressibility and shape recovery characteristics. In a transportation simulation test, the aerogel effectively protected strawberries from mechanical damage. Furthermore, the composite aerogel exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Botrytis cinerea in vitro. The quality of strawberries was successfully maintained at ambient temperature when packaged with the CS/GEL/GNP. Notably, the aerogel could be completely degraded in the soil within 21 days and is nontoxic to cells. Consequently, the dual-functional CS/GEL/GNP aerogel presents a promising option for packaging materials aimed at protecting delicate fruits.

Carbonaceous aerosols play a crucial role in air pollution and radiative forcing, though their light-absorbing and isotopic characteristics remain insufficiently understood. This study analyzes optical absorption and isotopic composition in PM10 and PM2.5 particles from primary emission sources, focusing on traffic-related and solid fuel categories. We analyzed key optical properties, including the Angstrom absorption exponent (AAE), the contributions of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) to total light absorption and the mass absorption efficiencies (MAE) of carbonaceous aerosols. AAE values were lower for traffic emission sources (0.9 to 1.3) than solid fuel emission sources (1.5 to 3), with similar values for both particle sizes. BrC contributions were more prominent at shorter wavelengths and were notably higher in solid fuel emission sources (61% to 88%) than in traffic emission sources (8% to 40%) at 405 nm. MAE values of BC at 405 nm were 2 to 20 times higher than BrC across different emissions. Particle size significantly affect MAE(BC) with PM2.5 higher when compared to PM10. Emissions from diesel concentrate mixer and raw coal burning exhibited the highest MAE(BC) for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Conversely, Coke had the lowest MAE(BC) but the highest MAE(BrC) for both sizes. Traffic emissions showed more stable carbon isotope ratios (delta C-13) enrichment (-29 parts per thousand to -24 parts per thousand) than solid fuels (-31 parts per thousand to -20 parts per thousand). delta C-13 of solid fuel combustion, unlike traffic sources, is found to be independent of size variation. These findings underscore the importance of source and size-specific aerosol characterization for unregulated emission sources.

In recent years, increasing wildfire activity in the western United States has led to significant emissions of smoke aerosols, impacting the atmospheric energy balance through their absorption and scattering properties. Single scattering albedo (SSA) is a key parameter that governs these radiative effects, but accurately retrieving SSA from satellites remains challenging due to limitations in sensor resolution, low sensitivity of traditional remote sensing methods, and uncertainties in radiative transfer modeling, particularly from surface reflectance and aerosol characterization. Smoke optical properties evolve rapidly after emission, influenced by fuel type, combustion conditions, and chemical aging. Accurate SSA retrieval near the source thus requires high-temporal-resolution satellite observations. Critical Reflectance (CR) method provides this capability by identifying a unique reflectance value at which top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance becomes insensitive to aerosol loading and primarily reflects aerosol absorption. SSA can be retrieved from this critical reflectance. This study presents a geostationary-based CR method using the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on GOES-R satellites. The approach leverages ABI's high temporal (5-10 min) and spatial (3 km) resolution, consistent viewing geometry, and wide coverage. A tailored look-up table, based on an AOD-dependent smoke model for North America, links CR to SSA. Case studies show strong agreement with AERONET measurements, with retrieval differences mostly within 0.01-well below AERONET's +/- 0.03 uncertainty. The method captures temporal and spatial variations in smoke absorption and demonstrates robustness across daylight hours. This GEO-based CR approach offers an effective tool for high-resolution SSA retrieval, contributing to improved aerosol radiative forcing estimates and climate modeling.

This study investigates the effects of aerosol-radiation interactions on subseasonal prediction using the Unified Forecast System, which includes atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and wave components, coupled with an aerosol module. The aerosol module is from the current NOAA operational GEFSv12-Aerosols model, which is based on the WRF-Chem GOCART with updates to the dust scheme and the biomass burning plume rise module. It simulates five aerosol species: sulfate, dust, black carbon, organic carbon, and sea salt. The modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) is compared to MERRA-2 reanalysis, MODIS satellite retrievals, and ATom aircraft measurements. Despite biases primarily in dust and sea salt, the AOD shows good agreement globally. The simulated radiative forcing (RF) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) from the total aerosols is approximately -2.6 W/m2 or -16 W/m2 per unit AOD globally. In subsequent simulations, the prognostic aerosol module is replaced with climatological aerosol concentrations derived from the preceding experiments. While regional differences in RF at TOA between these two experiments are noticeable in specific events, the multi-year subseasonal simulations reveal consistent patterns in RF at TOA, surface temperature, geopotential height at 500 hPa, and precipitation. These results suggest that given the current capacities of aerosol modeling, adopting a climatology of aerosol concentrations as a cost-effective alternative to a complex aerosol module may be a practical approach for subseasonal applications.

Aerosol absorption and scattering notably influence the atmospheric radiative balance. Significant uncertainties persist regarding the impact of aerosol models on aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) under distinct atmospheric conditions. The effects of various aerosol models on ARF under clear and haze conditions are analyzed utilizing MODIS data, combined with observations from Beijing, and the 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) for simulations. Results showed that ARF at the surface (ARF-SFC) and top of the atmosphere (ARF-TOA) registered negative values on clear and hazy days. On hazy days, the desert model demonstrated enhanced cooling at TOA, while the urban model showed intensified surface cooling. Hazy conditions amplified ARF-TOA by 57%, 54%, and 61% for desert, urban, and continental models respectively, relative to clear days, with corresponding ARF-SFC increases of 57%, 54%, and 56%. Aerosol radiative forcing efficiency at TOA generally exhibited greater values in winter than in summer. Black carbon (BC) radiative forcing simulations using the three-component method showed positive values at TOA and negative values at the surface. During hazy days, BC intensified upper-atmosphere heating and surface cooling effects. This research will lay the scientific foundation for reducing uncertainty in ARF estimates and developing effective environmental strategies.

Altitude profiles of the mass concentrations of aerosol black carbon (BC) have been obtained,up to an altitude of 12 km, from in situ measurements over Hyderabad (17.47 degrees N, 78.57 degrees E, 557 m amsl;a tropical station in the central Indian peninsula), using three successive high altitude balloon ascents during winter and early summer seasons of 2023-2024. The profiles revealed predominant peaks at around 8 and 11 km, where the BC concentrations were reaching as high as nearly three times the surface concentrations (2.82, 2.76, and 2.60 mu g m-3, respectively), persistently in all the three flights. Detailed analyses using official data of air traffic movement, aviation statistics and emission inventory revealed a strong linkage with the emissions from commercial aircraft that touch Hyderabad and overfly the region. These elevated BC layers will have large implications to atmospheric radiative forcing and possible contributions to modification of the cirrus cloud properties.

Aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing critically influence Earth's climate, particularly in semi-arid regions. This study investigates these properties in Yinchuan, Northwest China, focusing on aerosol optical depth (AOD), single-scattering albedo (SSA), & Aring;ngstr & ouml;m Index, and direct radiative forcing (DRF) using 2023 CE-318 sun photometer data, HYSPLIT trajectory analysis, and the SBDART model. Spring AOD peaks at 0.58 +/- 0.15 (500 nm) due to desert dust, with coarse-mode particles dominating, while summer SSA reaches 0.94, driven by fine-mode aerosols. Internal mixing of dust and anthropogenic aerosols significantly alters DRF through enhanced absorption, with spring surface DRF at -101 +/- 22W m-2 indicating strong cooling and internal mixing increasing atmospheric DRF to 52.25W m-2. These findings elucidate dust-anthropogenic interactions' impact on optical properties and radiative forcing, offering critical observations for semi-arid climate research.

Air pollution is a global health issue, and events like forest fires, agricultural burning, dust storms, and fireworks can significantly worsen it. Festivals involving fireworks and wood-log fires, such as Diwali and Holi, are key examples of events that impact local air quality. During Holi, the ritual of Holika involves burning of biomass that releases large amounts of aerosols and other pollutants. To assess the impact of Holika burning, observations were conducted from March 5th to March 18th, 2017. On March 12th, 2017, around 1.8 million kg of wood and biomass were openly burned in about 2250 units of Holika, located in and around the Varanasi city (25.23 N, 82.97 E, similar to 82.20 m amsl). As the Holika burning event began the impact on the Black Carbon (BC), particulate matter 10 & 2.5 (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O-3) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration were observed. Thorough optical investigations have been conducted to better comprehend the radiative effects of aerosols produced due to Holika burning on the environment. The measured AOD at 500 nm values were 0.315 +/- 0.072, 0.392, and 0.329 +/- 0.037, while the BC mass was 7.09 +/- 1.78, 9.95, and 7.18 +/- 0.27 mu g/m(3) for the pre-Holika, Holika, and post-Holika periods. Aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (ARF-TOA), at the surface (ARF-SUR), and in the atmosphere (ARF-ATM) are 2.46 +/- 4.15, -40.22 +/- 2.35, and 42.68 +/- 4.12 W/m(2) for pre-Holika, 6.34, -53.45, and 59.80 W/m(2) for Holika, and 5.50 +/- 0.97, -47.11 +/- 5.20, and 52.61 +/- 6.17 W/m(2) for post-Holika burning. These intense observation and analysis revealed that Holika burning adversely impacts AQI, BC concentration and effects climate in terms of ARF and heating rate.

The study explored the long-term efficiency of an integrated electrodialysis-forward osmosis (EDFO) treatment technology for nutrient recovery and its application in irrigating and fertilizing high-value crops. Results showed a stable energy profile with consistent electrical conductivity (EC) trends in both municipal and dairy digestates, highlighting the system's capacity to maintain ionic stability, essential for long-term operation. Fouling resistance was indicated by gradual and minimal declines in current density, reflecting stable performance after three cycles and reducing the need for chemical cleaning. A greenhouse trial assessed the impact of using treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation on plant growth and nutrient dynamics in southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. interspecific hybrid). The plants were grown in a soilless potting media and irrigated with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution (control), untreated municipal or dairy digestate, or recovered nutrient water from municipal or dairy digestate treated by the EDFO process. Leaf area and shoot biomass were similar among the treatments, confirming that wastewater irrigation did not adversely affect blueberry growth. Furthermore, pH levels in the potting media were near or within the optimal range for blueberry cultivation (4.5-5.5), while EC exceeded salinity thresholds for the crop (> 2 dS m(-1)) but did not visibly damage the plants, suggesting that salt levels were manageable with periodic freshwater flushing. Mass-spectrometry-based, non-targeted analysis detected significant reductions in organic pollutants across treatment cycles. In particular, pharmaceuticals and pesticides in untreated digestate were reduced by over 90 % post-treatment, affirming the system's efficacy in removing emerging contaminants that could pose risks in agriculture and consumers. Given the favorable nutrient recovery and contaminant removal, the EDFO system offers a sustainable solution for wastewater reuse, enabling nutrient cycling in agricultural systems and reducing freshwater dependence.