In light of its complicated makeup and fluctuating states of ice and salt crystals, it is challenging to forecast the strength of sodium sulfate saline sand. To examine the strength and deformation properties of sodium sulfate saline sand with various salt levels, many indoor triaxial shear tests were conducted at -2 degrees C, -5 degrees C, -8 degrees C, and 25 degrees C. The strength of sodium sulfate saline sand was found to be affected by temperature and the salt content, and the probable corresponding processes were then demonstrated. The introduction of the linear comparison composite (LCC) approach and homogenization theory led to the development of an upscaling strength model for sodium sulfate sand. Each phase's mechanical characteristics and the interactions between different components were taken into consideration. The triaxial tests of both unfrozen and frozen saline sand served as a basis for the developed strength prediction model's validation. It is believed that the findings of this study would shed light on how saline sand gains its strength from macroscopic and mesoscopic viewpoints.
