Bridge abutments are often damaged by girder impacts during major earthquakes. Very limited studies have been conducted. None of the past studies have incorporated abutment damage as an integrated system, i.e. the interaction between the deck and the back wall as well as between abutment and backfill. First, the reliability of the numerical model for damage assessment is validated with the result obtained from the shaking table test. Second, numerical simulations of the impact effect were carried out on four abutments with different shapes and dimensions of wing wall. The developed numerical models can simulate the nonlinear backfill soil, the backfill-back wall interface, and damage to reinforced concrete with the strain rate effect of the concrete and steel reinforcement. Parametric studies were conducted on the influence of the nonlinearity of the backfill soil, back wall-to-backfill friction, constitutive law of concrete, hourglass ratio, and impact energy. The results show that the nonlinear behaviour of the backfill soil and wing wall plays a significant role in the impact force on the back wall behaviour. Since poundings can be repetitive, this study confirms that the velocity of the initial impact of a bridge deck can precisely predict the severity of abutment damage.
