With widespread concern focused on global climate change and the potentially ecological consequences, an important scientific issue is suggested on how to evaluate environmental influence accurately for future climate change and approach the human impact and adaption. It is the feasible approach to select the key area and important episode of Holocene which integrate with modern age and contain the similar features of climate change in future for reconstructing the vegetation succession and pattern and their responses to climate change, restoring the characteristic, fashion, and intensity of agriculture and their relationships with vegetation and climatic change. Above researches will provide the scientific basis for the evaluation of environmental influence and human impact and adaptation under the climatic change condition. Xiliaohe Valley of the Northeastern China is an important and key area for realizing our scientific goals as follow: (1) To reconstruct the vegetation succession and patterns during Holocene based on the pollen and charcoal records. (2) To distinguish the origin and development of rainfed agriculture and reveal the agriculture characteristics and fashion in different cultural periods through the archaeobotanical records in Xiliaohe Valley. (3) By comparing the high resolution sequences of climatic change, the vegetation records, the evidences of human activity, and, together with the high-precision AMS14C dating, the archaeological materials, and the historical literatures, to promulgate the relationship between the vegetation succession and pattern with the climatic change and early agriculture. (4) To distinguish the affection on the vegetation succession caused by natural process and human impact. Finally some new cognition and suggestions will be proposed from the two aspects of basic theory and environmental evaluation.