西藏纳木错曲嘎切流域冻融侵蚀水文泥沙过程观测与模拟研究

青藏高原 冻融侵蚀 冰雪融水 侵蚀机理 模型模拟
张凡 2014-01 项目
Freezing-thawing erosion accounts for about one-third of the total soil erosion area in China. The erosion is most concentrated and strongest in the Tibetan Plateau, and becomes one of the main problems threatening the local ecological environment safety. The climate features such as low temperature and large temperature variation in the Tibetan Plateau make freezing-thawing alternate frequently and provide the suitable conditions for the type of erosion. Influenced by glaciers, snow cover and permafrost, soil erosion is driven by multi-forces including melting snow, melting ice and precipitation. As a result, the freezing-thawing erosion mechanism is quite different from other regions. In the Namco area of Tibet with strong freezing-thawing erosion, this project selects the Qugaqie catchment as the study area where mountain glaciers and permafrost coexist and water is supplied by snow and ice melt and precipitation. Through field observation of runoff and sediment load at the end of the glacier and the outlet of the catchment and monitoring of soil physical and chemical properties, soil temperature and humidity, hill slope runoff and sediment dynamics, the study will reveal the affecting mechanisms of meteorological factors, topography, vegetation, soil freezing and thawing on the melt water and rainfall erosion. Parameterization schemes of freezing-thawing soil erosion forced by melt water will be improved based on the field investigation. Using distributed, physically-based hydrological model, the hydrological and sediment processes in the catchment will be quantitatively analyzed.Through model sensitivity analysis and scenario prediction,this study will provide basis for soil erosion control and soil and water conservation planning in Tibet.
冻融侵蚀约占我国水土流失总面积的三分之一,在青藏高原地区分布最集中、侵蚀最强烈,是威胁当地生态环境安全的主要问题之一。气温低、温差大等气候特点使得青藏高原冻融交替频繁,为冻融侵蚀创造了条件;受冰川、积雪、冻土等影响,水土流失呈融雪、融冰与降水多源驱动的表现形式,冻融侵蚀机理与其它地区有较大差异。本项目在西藏冻融侵蚀强烈的纳木错地区,选取高山冰川与冻土并存、冰雪融水和降水混合补给的曲嘎切流域为研究区,通过实地监测流域内冰川末端和流域出口处的径流量、输沙量以及流域内土壤理化性质、土壤温湿度、坡面产流产沙的动态变化,揭示气象要素、地形、植被、土壤冻融等因素对冰雪融水和降雨侵蚀的影响机制。并在观测研究的基础上,完善冻融土壤冰雪融水侵蚀的参数化方案,利用基于物理机制的分布式水文模型定量研究流域的水文泥沙过程,通过模型敏感性分析和情景预估,为西藏土壤侵蚀防治和水土保持规划提供依据。