【英文摘要】The microorganisms community structures of the soil and snow with different altitude and depth in the headwaters of the Urumqi River was analysised by combianing with the microorganisms number and diversity researches. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation type and altitude were main factors which influenced the number of cultivable bacteria; (2) the number of the microorganims was significantly correlated with soil physicochemical properties and deposit ages; (3) the rhizosphere of periglacial plants contained abundance bacteria resources, and the bacteria abundance were differented with different periglacial plants,which were closely correlated with plant succession, plant diversity and its primary productivity; (4) the community structure, the diversity and cultivable number of snow microorganism were closely correlated with δ18O values and ion concerntration. Based on these, we proposed that the distribution of bacteria could be a biological index for climate and environment change record.