【英文摘要】Lichens are an important component of terrestrial biota because they provide an early warning of potentially damaging agents to plant communities. Lichens have been used as bioindicator of air pollution world wide because they have no wax and cuticle to protect cells. In this research project we were applied plant ecology and environmental ecology research methods ,study lichens species diversity, floristic component, communities ecology and niche characteristics of the lichens on Southern mountainous area of Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. As the result shows that , there are 130 lichen species were identified , they belong to 54 genera and 22 families. lichens flora in this region including following seven types: Widespread species; Circumpolar arctic species; Europe-Asian species; East Asia-North American species; East Asian species; Middle Asian species; Species endemic to China. At the same time, we found that altitude, vegetation types, temperature and humidity were the most important environmental and artificial factors influencing the structural patterns of lichens communities in this area. At the same time we were used to lichens transplantation method, according to the changes of lichens heavy metal, chlorophyll content, enzyme activity assessing the air quality of Urumqi city. At the result shows that, above parameters change and have significantly differences between different transplantation sites and different time.The present study provided evidence that the lichens are accumulated heavy metals at a high ratio, suitable for bio-monitoring air pollution with lichen transplant and further confirmed that the lichen transplant method is simple, inexpensive and useful technique for bio-monitoring lichens desert area such as big industrial city.